China

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China

• Anna Shults
• Dan Manning
• Jasmin Willis
• Kady Yeomans

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Geography

• Peoples Republic of China is made of
• 22 provinces
• 5 autonomous regions
• 4 centrally administered cities
• 2 Special Administrative Regions
• Hong Kong
• Macao (near Hong Kong, tip of Guangdong)
• Population of about 1.3 billion
• 5 times as many as U.S.
• 60 live in rural areas

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Geography

• Geography sea to the east
• Mountains to north, south, and west
• Deserts, grasslands, dense forest in various
  north
• Tropical rain forest to the south

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Geography

• Middle Kingdom
• Comes from the isolation these geographic
  barriers once created
• In Chinese means another word for China itself
  zhongguo political, cultural center of world
• Sparsely populated western part, mainly deserts,
  mountains, high plateaus

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Geography

• Northeast
• Like US plains
• Wheat growing area and industrial heartland
• Southern
• more tropical
• Year-round agriculture and intensive rice
  cultivation

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Geography

• 60 of Chinas people work and live in rural
  areas though concentrated along eastern seaboard
  and 3 rivers
• Yellow (north)
• Yangtze (central)
• Pearl (south)
• 20 worlds population
• 10 worlds arable land
• 4th largest country in the world

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Important Chinese Political History

• 1911- Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen overthrows
  imperial system and establishes Republic of China
• 1912- Nationalist Party formed to oppose warlords
  that have seized power
• 1921- CCP founded
• 1927- Civil war between Nationalists (now led by
  Chiang Kai-shek) and Communists begins
• 1934- Mao Zedong becomes leader of CCP

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Important Chinese Political History

• 1949- Chinese Communists win civil war and
  establish the Peoples Republic of China.
• 1958-1960- Great Leap Forward
• Utopian effort to accelerate economy relying on
  labor power and launching China into an
  egalitarian effort of true communism
• Was wildly unsuccessful, resulting in famine,
  wasted resources, etc., and a setback in economic
  development

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Important Chinese Political History

• 1966-1976- Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
• Ideological crusade to revert back to the vision
  of socialism
• Red Guards to fight revisionism
• 1976- Mao Zedong dies
• 1978- Deng Xiaoping becomes Chinas paramount
  leader

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Important Chinese Political History

• 1989- Tiananmen Square Massacre
• 1997- Deng Xiaoping dies
• Jiang Zemin becomes Chinas most powerful leader
• 2002-2003- Hu Jintao succeeds Jiang as head of
  the CCP and the president of the Peoples
  Republic of China

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Tiananmen Square
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Tiananmen Square

• Labor activists, students, and intellectuals of
  the PRC protesting against the policies of the
  CCP.
• In Beijing, military retaliation left civilians
  dead or injured.
• PRC 200-300
• New York Times 400-800
• Chinese Red Cross 2,000-3,000

15
Political Institutions

• Complete Domination by the Chinese Communist
  Party (CCP)

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Levels of Government

• Chinese Communist Party leads
• Subnational levels include the provinces,
  autonomous regions, and centrally administered
  cities, but they do not have policymaking
  autonomy
• Operate under under the unified leadership of
  central authorities

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Executive

• Dual
• Contain premier and president although all
  government officials are under direct or indirect
  control by the CCP and all high ranking officials
  are in the CCP. The government of the PRC
  essentially acts as the administrative agency for
  carrying out and enforcing policies made by the
  party

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Executive

• Chief of State President Hu Jintao (since 15
  March 2003)
• Vice President Zeng Qinghong (since 15 March
  2003)
• Premier Wen Jiabao (since 16 March 2003)
• Vice Premier Wu Yi (17 March 2003)
• Vice Premier Zeng Peiyan (since 17 March 2003)
• Vice Premier Hui Liangyu (since 17 March 2003)

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Executive

• President
• National Peoples Congress elects president and
  vice president although there is only one
  candidate chosen by the CCP for each office
• 5 year term, 2 term limit
• Mainly a ceremonial office, but senior party
  leader has always held it
• Meets and negotiates with other world leaders

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Executive

• Prime Minister aka Premier
• Head of government
• Authority over bureaucracy and policy
  implementation
• Formally appointed by president with National
  Peoples Congress approval but CCP decides who
  will serve as Premier
• 2 5 year terms allowed - Wen Jiabao chosen as
  premier in March 2003
• Always a high ranking member of CCP on standing
  committee

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Legislature

• Unicameral
• Organization
• National Peoples Congress highest organ of
  state power seriously controlled by the CCP like
  everything else though
• Officially has a hierarchy of other congresses
  that move down through provincial peoples
  congresses to municipal peoples congresses to
  rural township and on. They are in charge of
  overseeing the executive branch or peoples
  governments at various levels but are actually
  subject to party leadership

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Representation

• CCP has a National Party Congress that meets for
  1 week every 5 years with 2100 delegates
• More symbolic than decision making although 1 of
  2 highest leading bodies of CCP specified in
  Constitution of CCP
• Mainly approves decisions of leadership in the
  party.

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Representation

• Central Committee is the other of the highest
  leading bodies
• 198 full members and 158 alternate
• Is the 2nd most important and consist of CCP
  leaders all over the country meet annually for
  nearly a week
• 5 year term and elected by secret ballot (with
  limited choices) by National Party Congress
• These elections are mainly controlled by party
  leadership to ensure compliance with their
  decisions

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Membership

• Political Bureau (or Politburo) has 24 members, 9
  of which go to the Standing Committee. The
  Standing Committee is the highest power of the
  CCP. Members are elected by the Central
  Committee. These discussions are mainly held in
  secret monthly and are in true command of the CCP
  and therefore the PRC. Chairman was replaced as a
  the name for head of the state to General
  Secretary in order to break with the ideology of
  Mao and be more progressive economically.

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Membership

• Central Commission for Discipline
• In charge of discipline and keeping down
  political corruption
• Secretariat
• Organization of keeping all party members
  connected
• Wields some authority
• Manages day-to-day work of Politburo and Standing
  Committee

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Parliamentary and Presidential Systems

• Executive/Legislative Relations
• CCP dominates
• Separation/Fusion of Power
• Beneath central government provinces, cities,
  counties, rural towns
• Centrally administered cities Beijing, Shanghai,
  Tianjin, Chongqing
• 5 autonomous regions w/ large minority
  populations
• Each of these contains a Representative Peoples
  Congress meeting infrequently
• Plays limited role in managing affairs or
  jurisdiction

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Parliamentary and Presidential Systems

• Sub nationals gov. organizations have 2
  supervisors next higher level of gov. and the
  Communist Party at that level
• Ex education in Chinese Province must listen to
  both the CCP committee for education in that
  province and the Ministry of Education in Beijing
  
• Creates conflict in authority emphasizes
  centralization and party domination
• Below provinces 700,000 rural villages
  majority of population lives here
• Village leaders have recently been democratically
  and competitively elected, not formally
  responsible to higher state authority

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Presidential and Parliamentary Systems

• Representative assemblies in villages are more
  active in local affairs
• Somewhat grass-roots democracy movement
• However, most important village leaders is CCP
  leader (Village Party Secretary) and most
  powerful organization is CCP Village Committee

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Party Discipline

• Very disciplined within the CCP
• Used to be absolute power under Mao. While still
  having extreme authority, now the CCP must deal
  more with politics

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Divided Government

• Government has become more decentralized since
  the end of Mao. More power has been given to
  local and provincial authorities, especially in
  terms of economics. CCP still maintains
  incredible power over military, police, energy
  sources, resources and infrastructure
  construction projects.

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Elections

• Policy making
• Fragmented authoritarianism- fundamentally
  authoritarian, far from democratic, accounts for
  fragmentation since Mao-in-command system, more
  bargaining among political leaders in different
  levels
• Ultimately under CCP, top 2 dozen or so of party
  leaders wield nearly unchecked power
• Use a nomenklatura system lists of millions of
  positions that must be approved by a CCP
  organization in order to exist even if the person
  is not a member of CCP, attempting to maintain
  control
• Emphasis again on guanxi, aka networking, except
  deeper with more familial obligations rooted in
  Confucian ideology

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Elections

• Presidential
• Indirectly elected by NPC
• Parliamentary
• Indirect NPCs are elected not by all in the
  province but by deputies already serving in
  provincial-level Peoples Congress who were
  indirectly elected by county-level Peoples
  Congresses in the province

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Elections

• Non-competitive
• Fear increasing direct elections because it might
  serve as a forum for dissent
• Used to have only 1 candidate but are now
  increasing some cases where independently
  nominated candidates have defeated official
  nominees although independent candidates are
  still basically approved by CCP anyway
• Elections, aka not-elections mechanisms to give
  the communist party-state greater legitimacy by
  allowing large numbers of citizens to participate
  in the political process under very controlled
  circumstances
• Most significant democratization occurs at rural
  levels
• Most are indirect government bodies decide who
  serves at higher levels

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Political Parties

• There are elections, legislative bodies, and
  organizations like labor unions although all are
  under CCP control
• Technically 8 parties, although considered a 1
  party system due to CCP domination

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CCP

• 70 million members, growth since 1949
• Dropped in numbers during Cultural Revolution
  (but many welcomed back after Maos death if
  they lived)
• Largest political party in the world, but 5 of
  PRCs populations
• Mid 1950s 70 peasants only 45 were industrial
  workers, laborers blue collar in 2002 although
  the CCP apparently supports them the most
• Most are government officials, making efforts to
  gain economic entrepreneurs to join the party
• Women are less than 20/ 2.5 of Central
  Committee 1 female on Politburo and none on
  standing Committee
• About 70 million in Communist Youth League
  Party membership training ground although many
  believe that communist ideology is irrelevant to
  their lives and the nations future CCP recruits
  2 million new members each year for access to
  power and advancement

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Democratic Parties

• Lend credibility to idea of democracy (theyre
  not fooling us though)
• China Democratic League intellectuals
• Chinese Party for the Public Interest returned
  overseas Chinese
• Fewer than 500,000 members
• Insignificant, loyal non-opposition

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Democratic Parties

• CPPCC Chinese Peoples Political Consultative
  Conference main forum of expression for these
  parties and is an advisory body that meets for 2
  weeks once a year along with NPC (CPPCCers are
  nonvoting delegates to represent
  noncommunists) all are supervised by CCP
• CCP party leader actually leads/supervises the
  CPPCC
• No serious dissent 1998 severe prison
  sentences to activists continue to discourage
  real dissenters

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Interest Groups

• Much use of guanxi kinship, friendship ties to
  cut red tape etc
• Patron-client politics at local levels
• Organized interest groups and social movements
  that are truly independent of party-state
  authority are not permitted to influence
  political process in any significant way

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Interest Groups

• CCP creates mass organizations to preempt
  formation of actual interest groups
• Hundreds of millions in membership
• Ex. All-China Womens Federation

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Interest Groups

• All-China Federation of Trade Unions ACFTU (about
  90 million workers)
• Top-down party controlled organizations
• Neither are independent political voices for
  those they represent but sometimes effectively
  lobby for rights (have strongly advocated against
  domestic violence for women and workweek from six
  to five days respectively)
• Ex Wal-Mart does not allow American union
  members or unions to form in its USA stores
  because these unions actually work for worker
  benefits. Wal-Mart allows ACFTU because it works
  for employer gains and is controlled by the CCP

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Interest Groups

• Increase in NGOs non governmental
  organizations- not as subordinate to CCP
• Ex China Green Earth Volunteers, China
  Foundation for the Preventions of STDs and AIDs,
  China Children and Teenagers Fund
• Must register with the government have more room
  to maneuver without party interference if they do
  not challenge official policies and only try to
  help in the areas they are concerned with as they
  can.

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Bureaucracy

• Premier directs the State Council which is the
  highest body of state administration
• Membership determined by party leadership and
  formally appointed by the National Peoples
  Congress
• Acts like cabinet in parliamentary system
• Size varies

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Bureaucracy

• Each minister controls a specific
  ministry/department
• Support staffs beneath the State Council can be
  issue-specific task force called leadership
  small groups
• Bring various ministries and commissions together
  to coordinate policy and implementation
• Example of permanent group Central Leading Group
  on Foreign Affairs with mainly permanent members

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Bureaucracy

• Immense in size
• Reaches throughout the country aka huge
• Cadres people in positions of authority who are
  paid by government/party
• Equal to 40 million
• Some work directly with CCP while many work with
  economic enterprises like schools, science,
  factory directors, etc.

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Bureaucracy

• Substantive moves towards merit-based tests as
  opposed to appointment from above, as well as
  decrease in size by 10 (announced 2001)
• Reform forced retirement between 60-70 and 2
  term limit on top cadre positions, although some
  exceptions made for top leaders

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Judiciary

• Supreme Peoples Court to Supreme Peoples
  Procuratorate to Local level Peoples
  Procuratorates to High Courts (provinces) to
  Intermediate Courts (cities) to Grassroots Court
  (counties and townships)
• Based on civil law system derived from Soviet
  and continental civil code legal principles
  legislature retains power to interpret statutes
  constitution ambiguous on judicial review of
  legislation has not accepted compulsory ICJ
  jurisdiction

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Political Culture

• Currently going through a massive change
• Populace becoming skeptical of communist
  ideologies
• Socialist goals
• Revolutionary virtues
• As a result the Party is now reaching out in new
  ways
• Increasingly more patriotic
• Portraying itself as the guardians of Chinas
  best interests
• Using the media to stress the message that it is
  time for China to return as a dominant world
  power

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Socialization

• Very family oriented
• Schools
• Highly censored and controlled by the government
• Estimated 130 million children from age 7 to 14
  are a part of the Young Pioneers
• Promote good social behavior, patriotism, and
  loyalty to the party
• Media
• Highly censored
• Many internet sites blocked or altered
• Controls what the News reports and only permits
  things positive to the party
• Government
• Has influence in most things

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Socialization

• Younger generations moving farther away from
  communist ideology
• Popular culture
• Country folk and peasants moving back towards
  roots
• Replacing figurines of party heroes with statues
  of folk gods and religious tablets
• Influence of family clans becoming more dominant
  than local authority

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Cleavages

• Ethnic/Race
• 8.5 of Chinas people do not associate
  themselves with the Han
• Class
• Very large gap between the wealthy and the poor,
  not the egalitarian society Mao had envisioned
• Religion
• Officially atheist
• Daoist, Buddhist, Muslim- 1-2
• Christian- 3-4

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Media

• Tightly controlled
• Told what to report
• Positive to the party and to the state of the
  republic
• Internet is strictly monitored and controlled
• Many foreign sites blocked
• Other sites are modified to block certain
  material from being accessible

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Political Participation and Protest

• Indirect Elections
• People vote for the person directly above them
• Formerly only one person for each office ran
• Villages taking steps towards direct elections
• Open nominations
• Any party with ten or more voters can nominate a
  candidate
• Still very closely monitored by the local CCP
• Most well known protest Tiananmen Square
• Number of grass root organizations emerged during
  the protest
• No recent protest demonstrations
• Protest groups gone underground

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Citizenship

• 8.5 of population do not associate themselves
  with the Han
• Gunagxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet, and
  Xinjiang
• Take up 60 of the total land area of China
• There is a large Muslim population in China,
  estimated at 20 million
• Muslims are repressed and the CCP has used the
  September 11th attacks in America as an excuse to
  crack down on the Islamic Movements in China

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Public Policy

• Economic growth
• Slight decentralization of power
• Local governments have more sway in the larger
  body of the CCP
• Public opinion and media criticism have no effect
  on policy making
• All personnel decisions must be approved by the
  party, even if the personnel in question has
  nothing to do with the party itself
• Everything is tied into guanxi (connections)
• Personal relationships and mutual obligations

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Supranational and International Influences

• WTO, IMF, UN, and UN security council
• Permanent member of the UN security council
• IAEA
• International Atomic Energy Agency
• Interpol
• International police force

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Policy Issues

• Economic Performance
• Moving towards a capitalist economy
• Unemployment rate
• 6.1 in the urban areas
• In rural areas there is substantial unemployment
  and underemployment
• Civil Liberties
• Concern from CCP that increase in market economy
  will move the nation away from a communist party
• Moving towards more open elections
• Media is still tightly controlled

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Policy Issues

• Social Welfare
• Rapidly aging population
• 71.7 of population is middle aged
• 91 literacy rate
• 95 of males and 86 of females
• Population and Migration
• 1.32 billion people
• 92 Han Chinese
• Very little migration of foreigners into China
  except in large cities

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Policy Issues

• Environment
• Terrible condition
• 750,000 premature deaths caused yearly by air and
  water pollution
• Result of rapid development in cities
• Reform
• Cleaner Production Promotion Law
• Reform motivated by upcoming Olympics (not ideal
  conditions for athletic competition)

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Process of Democratization

• Components
• Direct elections at village level
• Nomination process more open
• CCP restricts citizens from effecting real power

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Process of Democratization

• Factors
• State control of economy reduced(promote)
• Market forces play important role in aspects of
  production(promote)
• Private enterprises encouraged(promote)
• Economy opened for foreign investments(promote)

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Process of Democratization

• Deng Xiaoping Era brought about much more
  economic, social, and cultural freedom, but the
  CCP is suppressing the democratic idea to keep
  power.
• Consequences
• Economy increasing(positive)
• Tiananmen Massacre(negative)

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Relationship Between Economic and Political Reform

• Influence on degrees of inequality
• Effect of degrees of corruption
• Kai-shek's mismanagement of economy leads to
  increased corruption, poverty and economic
  inequality
• CCP still represses individuality

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Economy

• Initially a command economy under Mao.
• First Five Year Plan (1953-1957)
• Yielded results, but created huge bureaucracies
  and inequalities between cities and rural areas
• The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural
  Revolution, while both embodying Maos economic
  philosophies, were less than successful.
• However, Mao did create a substantial industrial
  and technological base.

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Economy

• Pre-Tiananmen Square Deng Xiaoping made some key
  changes from the Maoist policies.
• State Control of the economy was significantly
  reduced, market forces were allowed to play a
  role in production
• Private enterprise encouraged
• Economy was open to foreign investment

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Economy

• Post-Tiananmen Square Zhao Ziyang (formal head
  of CCP) replaced by Jiang Zemin. When Deng died
  in 1997, Jiang secured top leadership. Under
  Jiang, China continued economic reform and
  growth. Overall, the country was politically and
  economically stable under Jiang. Economic growth
  continues under Hu Jintao. This economy is
  referred to as a socialist market economy. China
  is dominating the global economy.

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Economy

• GDP annual growth rate
• 1983-1993- 9.5
• 1993-2003- 8.6
• 2002- 8.3
• 2003- 9.1

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Globalization

• China admitted to WTO in 2001
• Direct Elections in villages
• Legitimacy questionable
• 2008 Olympics to be held in Beijing
• Recognition of economic modernization and
  emergence as a global power
• An influential member of the UN
• Holds 1 of the 5 permanent seats on the Security
  Council

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