World War II

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World War II
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World War II will change the worldhow?

• Atomic Age begins
• Jets and rockets invented
• Radar and Sonar
• Penicillin and Antibiotics created
• USA and USSR emerge as Superpowers

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Who are major players at the start of the war?
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What were the causes?

• Major cause
• Treaty of Versailles - Germany
• Punished
• Humiliated
• Blamed for WWI
• Its Economy Suffering
• Inflation
• Unemployment

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Hitler sworn in in 1933 der Fuhrer

• Seeking revenge for the Treaty of Versailles

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Birth

• Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in
  Braunau, Austria.
• Adolf was 1 of 6 children - 3 of who died at
  early ages

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Parents
Alois Schickelgruber Hitler was a customs
official who was illegitimate by birth. His
father, Adolfs grandfather, may have been
Jewish. He died when Adolf was 14 and left him a
small inheritance.
Klara Hitler was very young when she married the
older Alois. She showered young Adolf with love
and affection. Adolf carried a picture of his
mom until the day he died. She died of breast
cancer when Adolf was 18 years old.
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Education

• Attended a Benedictine monastery school where he
  took part in the choir.
• When it was time to choose a secondary school,
  Adolf wanted to become an artist.
• His father wanted him to become a civil servant,
  but after his father died, he dropped out of high
  school and attempted to get into the Vienna
  Academy of Fine Arts - he failed.
• The following slides are examples of Adolfs
  artwork.

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Military Service
Adolf left Austria at the age of 24 to avoid
mandatory military service that was required of
all men.
But he did sign up for military service at the
start of WW I. He joined a Bavarian unit of the
German Army. This is a picture of Hitler
listening to an enlistment speech.
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World War I

• Excited to fight for Germany.
• Found a home fighting for the Fatherland.
• Highest rank held was corporal.

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Military Record

• Was awarded the Iron Cross twice. (5 medals
  overall)
• Highest military honor in German Army.
• Depressed after WWI
• Believed there was a anti-war conspiracy among
  Jews.
• Began preaching against Jews and communists

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NAZI Party is Formed
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Beer Hall Putsch

• October 30, 1923
• Hitler held a rally in Munich beer hall and
  declared revolution
• Led 2000 men in take over the Weimar Republic
• Failure
• Hitler was imprisoned

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Mein Kampf

• Hitlers book My Struggle - wrote while in jail
• Sold 5 million copies, made him rich
• Topics included Jews were evil, Germans were
  superior race, Fuhrer principal, dislike of
  Communism and Democracy and need to conquer Russia

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U. S. Policies Leading to WWII

• Isolationism of the 1920s
• Neutrality of the 1930s

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League of Nations

• Proposed by Woodrow Wilson
• League of Nations is rejected by the USA
• The worlds most powerful nation rejects world
  leadership!
• USA also disagrees with the harsh punishment of
  Germans under the Treaty of Versailles

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Situation Leading to War

• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
• Frank Kellogg US Secretary of State
• Aristide Briand French Foreign Minister
• War is illegal
• Japan
• Attempt to take Manchuria from China
• 1939 Japan controls 25 of China
• Ethiopia
• Italy invades in 1936.
• League of Nations condemns but no action
  taken.

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Timeline of Events

• 1 Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of
  Nations.
• What is this saying to the world?
• 2 Germany invades the Rhineland, Austria,
  Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia
• What does this violate?

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League without the USA

• The League without the US
• Weak
• Ineffective
• Unable to stop the rising power of the Fascists!
• Ie. Hitler, Mussolini and Franco, Tojo

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Adolf Hitler
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Mussolini
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Stalin
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Appeasement

• Giving Hitler what he wants to avoid war!
• The Rhineland
• Austria
• The Sudetenland
• Czechoslovakia
• Neville Chamberlain
• Prime Minister of Great Britain 1930s
• peace in our time Herr Hitler is a man who we
  can work with

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Rome-Berlin Axis
Anti-Comintern Pact

• Established Germany and Italy as the
• Axis Powers

• Japan, Germany and Italy
• Goal to stop communism

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Collapse of European Democracies
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Where is Stalin?

• Trying to figure out who he wants as an ally in
  the case of war.
• G. Britain and France
• OR
• Germany and Italy
• RESULT
• Nazi-Soviet Pact would never attack one
  another.
• Ultimately, Stalin sides with G. Britain and
  France

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FASCISM vs COMMUNISM

• Communism
• Society without social classes
• Community property shared
• Appealed to working or lower classes

• Fascism
• Appealed to upper and middle class
• Attempt to preserve the social classes
• Own private property

• Common agreements
• Control people through force and censorship
• Opposed democracy

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How does the war start?
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German Blitzkrieg

• Fast, concentrated air and land attacks
• Take enemy by surprise
• Hitler takes over Poland in one month!

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September 3, 1939

• Official start of WWII
• Great Britain and France declare war on Germany
• Maginot Line created
• Front lines modern technology brought in,
  housing, undergroud rail lines, heavy artillery.
• Located along border of Germany and France
• PROBLEM only protected along French border.
• This leaves France vulnerable to an attack from
  where???

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German advances

• Phony War ends
• Lull in fighting for months after declaration of
  war
• Hitler starts up again and takes
• Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium and
  Luxemburg in days!!

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Battle of Dunkirk

• Fall of France
• Battle of Dunkirk
• Vichy France
• Unoccupied French area in south
• Charles deGaulle
• Free French movement - resistance movement

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Battle of Britain

• Germanys air attack on England (Aug 1940)
• Luftwaffe vs. RAF Royal Air Force
• Why air?
• Ultimately attacks London The Blitz
• Firebombs used
• 20,000 civilians killed, 70,000 injured
• Britain defended homeland from Germans
• Deciphered German code
• Knew that Hitler would not attack Britain again
  until the Luftwaffe established air
  superiority.it never did!

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Your opinion

• Why is the Battle of Britain considered by many
  as the most important battle of the war?

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Where is United States in all of this?

• U.S. Neutrality!
• Congress passes Neutrality Acts
• No weapons to nations at war
• No loans to nations at war
• Cash and Carry
• Could trade nonmilitary goods to nations at war
  provided that they
• 1. pay for them in advance
• 2. transport the goods themselves

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Lend-Lease Act

• By 1940, Serious situation in Great Britain
• FDR policy Lend Lease Act
• Lend without payment war materials to Great
  Britain..and later to Soviet Union.
• If your neighbors house is on fire, you dont
  sell them a hose. You lend it to him and take it
  back when the fire is out.

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Causes of US Involvement

• The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw from China
  and French Indochina.
• US beings limiting sales and trade to Japan
• Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would
  provide them an easy win, and a territory with
  abundant land and resources to rule once they
  were victorious.
• Desperately needed raw materials

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Attack on Pearl Harbor

• Morning hours of December 7, 1941
• 755 am

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Attack on Pearl Harbor

• Japan
• 81 Fighter Planes
• 135 Dive Bombers
• 104 Horizontal Bombers
• 40 Torpedo Planes
• At least 5 Midget Submarines

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Oklahoma Capsized

• 5 torpedo hits
• ship capsized
• 429 men dead
• 32 survivors cut out of hull in following days

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USS Maryland and USS Oklahoma
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USS West Virginia

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USS Shaw
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Pearl Harbor Attack Casualties

• Japan
• Less then 100 men
• 29 planes
• 5 midget submarines
• United States
• 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed,
  1,178 wounded
• 188 planes
• 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3
  destroyers, 4 other vessels)

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December 8, 1941 FDR Speech 

• Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will live
  in infamy the United States of America was
  suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and
  air forces of the Empire of Japan. 

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USS Arizona
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USS Arizona Memorial
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German Advances when U.S. Enters the WWII
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Mobilizing for WAR

• Enormous task of mobilization men and women
  volunteered for service
• Selective Training and Service Act
• 21-36 yrs of age to register for military service
• GIs government issue
• All ethnic and racial backgrounds fought in WWII
• 350,000 women also served
• Non combat jobs
• Factories converted victory gardens planted
  scrap drives and recycling to collect materials

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Economy for War

• War Production Board (WPB)
• Convert peacetime industries to war production
  industries
• Halt sale and production of lawnmowers, cars etc.
• Office of War Mobilization
• Headed by James Byrnes
• Centralization of war production
• Office of War Mobilization
• Liberty Ships strong merchant ships created to
  carry supplies and troops
• Henry Kaiser - Cut production of ships from 200
  days to 40.

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Munitions Ready!

• By 1945, US had produced
• 300,000 airplanes
• 80,000 landing craft
• 100,000 tanks
• 5,600 merchant ships (2,600 Liberty ships)
• 6 million rifles and machine guns
• 41 Billion rounds of ammunition

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Financing the War

• Increased spending to win war.
• 1939 Avg spending was 8.9 billion/yr
• 1945 Avg spending was 95.2 billion/yr
• Between 1941-1945 US 321 Billion
• TEN TIMES THE AMOUNT OF World War I!!!
• Liberty Bonds sales 186 Billion
• Taxes funded 41 of war effort
• National Debt in 1945 259 Billion !!

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Daily Life on Home front

• Everyone had a member in the warfriend or
  relative.
• Shift in jobs both relocation and new employees.
• Population growth
• Grew by 7.5 million between 1940-45
• Baby Boom
• Why?

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Shortages and Rationing

• Food fell in short
• Victory gardens created
• Foreign nations cut supplies of sugar, fruits and
  coffee
• Ration coupons
• Could only purchase a certain amount of certain
  goods with coupons.
• Once you ran out.oh well.
• Items rationed sugar, coffee, meat, butter,
  canned vegetables/fruit, shoes. Also gas, tires
  and metal.
• Is this trip necessary? Dont you know that
  there is a war on?

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Atlantic Charter

• Atlantic Charter (August, 1941)
• Agreement signed between
• Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt
• Major principle stated the following
• They sought no territory at wars conclusion

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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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North African Campaign

• General Erwin Rommel Germany
• Nickname Desert Fox
• VS.
• General Bernard Montgomery G. Britain
• Wins a decisive victory at El Alamein (Egypt)
• November, 1942
• One of the first major defeats of the Axis powers

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Major BattlesBring textbooks tomorrow!

• Battle of Stalingrad
• Battle of the Bulge
• Battle of the Coral Sea
• Battle of Midway
• Battle of Guadalcanal
• Battle of Iwo Jima
• Battle of Okinawa

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Normandy InvasionD-Day

• D-Day term given to the first day of a major
  battle.
• June 6, 1944
• Invasion of Western Europe
• 60 miles of Normandy Coast of France

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D-Day is the name given to the day of the allied
invasion of France during WWII. It took place on
June 6, 1944 and was the greatest land-and-sea
opertion in history.
D-Day is the name given to the day of the Allied
invasion of France during WWII. It began on June
6, 1944, and was the greatest land-and-sea
operation in history.
Scene from the movie Saving Private Ryan
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The Germans thought the attacks would be on
Calais. Once they realized Normandy was the true
site of invasion, it was too late.
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Commanded by Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Allied
forces decided to invade Normandy, since their
only other option, Pas De Calais, was highly
secured. Just after midnight on June 6th, 23,500
American and British paratroopers landed on the
behind German lines. 1,200 transport planes and
700 gliders were used.
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A little after daybreak, 4,000 transports, 800
warships, and an unknown number of smaller boats
arrived at the beaches of Normandy with the US
and British armies.
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Obstacles found on Omaha Beach
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Atlantic Wall
Another obstacle was the Atlantic Wall. It was
built along the western coast of Europe to guard
against an allied invasion.
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Normandy Invasion
The Allies invaded five beaches
Utah Omaha Gold Juno Sword. Omaha was the
toughest of them all. Two American divisions sent
to Omaha. Highest number of casualties out of all
five,about 2,400 casualties.
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WESTERN FRONT ENDS

• Battle of the Bulge
• Hitler losing men after Normandy.
• Drafted men 15 yrs old to fight
• General George Patten and General Omar Bradley
  pushed Axis back
• Largest battle in Western Europe during WWII.
• Largest battle every fought by US soldiers
• 600,000 fought
• 80,000 die
• Germans lost 100,000 men

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EASTERN FRONT

• Struggle between Soviet (Red Army)and German
  forces
• Casualties
• 11 million Soviets dead
• 3 million Germans dead
• Total Soviet civilian and military deaths
• 18 million people

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Election of 1944
FDR won an unprecedented fourth term in office
in 1944.
However, in April of 1945, FDR died, forcing
Vice-President Harry Truman to assume the
Presidency.
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Harry S Truman taking the oath of office after
the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, April 12,
1945.
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Victory in Europe
By April of 1945, American and Soviet troops
were closing in on Berlin.

• Adolf Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945
• Germany officially surrendered on May 7, 1945.

The endless procession of German prisoners
marching through the ruined city streets to
captivity.
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Red army soldiers raising the Soviet flag on the
roof of the Reichstag (German Parliament) in
Berlin, Germany.
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• On May 8, the Allies celebrated
• V-E Day (Victory in Europe).

Churchill waves to crowds in Britain after
broadcasting to the nation that the war with
Germany had been won.
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V-E Day Celebrations in New York City, May 8,
1945.
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V-E Day celebrations, Bay Street, Toronto, Canada
May 7, 1945
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VE-Day Parade, Red Square, Moscow, Russia on
6/24/1945
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Island Hopping in the Pacific

• The two main goals of the U.S. in the Pacific
  were
• I. to regain the Philippines.
• II. to invade Japan.

• The U.S. began a policy of island hopping, using
  islands as stepping-stones towards Japan.

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By February of 1945, the U.S. had recaptured
the Philippines and captured the islands of Iwo
Jima and Okinawa.
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima depicts five United
States Marines and a U.S. Navy corpsman raising
the flag of the United States atop Mount
Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima.
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• The photograph became the only photograph to win
  the Pulitzer Prize in the same year as its
  publication.
• most significant and recognizable images of the
  war
• possibly the most reproduced photograph of all
  time.

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The Japanese continued to fight, oftentimes
using kamikaze attacks against U.S. ships.
Yoshinori Yamaguchi's plane explodes in a ball of
fire.
The Yokosuka D4Y3 dive bomber piloted by
Yoshinori Yamaguchi strikes the USS Essex,
November 25, 1944.
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Damage to Essex flight deck.
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Burial at sea after the Kamikaze attack. Sixteen
men lost their lives as a result of this action.
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Defeat of Japan
The U.S. planned to invade Japan in 1945,
though experts warned that the invasion could
cost over a million casualties.
Upon learning about the atomic bomb, Pres.
Truman sent the Japanese the Potsdam Declaration,
warning them to surrender or face prompt and
utter destruction.
Stalin, Truman and Churchill at the Potsdam
Conference.
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Unaware of the atomic bombs, the Japanese
ignored the Potsdam Declaration.
The first atomic bomb ever made was a
uranium-enriched bomb. It was dropped on the city
of Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945.
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Paul Tibbets, pilot of the Enola Gay, which
dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on
August 6, 1945.
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On August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic
bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, killing at least 70,000
people and destroying most of the city.
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A Uranium bomb, the first nuclear weapon in the
world, was dropped in Hiroshima City. It was
estimated that its energy was equivalent to 15
kilotons of TNT. Aerial photograph from 80
kilometers away, taken about 1 hour after the
dropping.
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The aftermath of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.
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Ohmura Navy Hospital A 14 year old girl
after the bombing of Hiroshima at Ohmura Navy
Hospital on August 10-11.
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Severe burns. Only his waist was protected from a
burn by a waistband he wore (within 1km from the
hypocenter).
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Kimono pattern. Burned areas on the back and on
the dorsal portion of the upper arm show that
thermal rays penetrated the black or the dark
colored parts of kimono she wore.
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On August 9, the U.S. dropped another atomic
bomb on the city of Nagasaki, killing at least
40,000 people.
Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over
Nagasaki rising 60,000 feet into the air on the
morning of August 9 1945
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Before and after photos of downtown Nagasaki.
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Number of Atomic Bomb Casualties Hiroshima and
Nagasaki
In 10,000s
Deaths
Injuries
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• August 14, 1945 Japan officially surrendered.
• V-J Day (Victory over Japan).

For millions of Americans, Alfred Eisenstaedt's
1945 LIFE photograph of a sailor stamping a
masterly kiss on a nurse symbolized the joy of
V-J Day.
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Crowds outside the White House celebrate V-J Day,
the Japanese surrender and the end of World War
II. August 1945