Coastal Day

1
Welcome

• Coastal Day
• AIA / Connecticut
• Martin A. Benassi, AIA
• Architect

2
(No Transcript)
3
Outline

• Three elements for coastal roof design
• Wind
• Rainfall
• Energy Conservation

4
(No Transcript)
5
Code / References

• New International Building Code 2003
• Chapter 15 Roof Assemblies and Rooftop
  Structures
• Appendix K Wind Speed by City (CT Supplement)
• Appendix B Rates of Rainfall for Various Cities
• International Residential Code 2003
• Chapter 9 Roof Assemblies
• Appendix M Basic Wind Speed (CT Supplement)

6
Wind

• FM Global
• Factory Mutual Loss Prevention Data Sheets
• 1-8 Antenna Towers and Signs
• 1-9 Roof Anchorage
• 1-28 Wind Loads to Roof Systems and Roof Deck
  Securement
• 1-29 Above Deck Roof Components
• 1-30 Repair of Wind Damage Roof Systems
• 1-49 Perimeter Flashing

7
Wind Speed

• Gale
• Steady wind with gusts that vary from 39 to 72
  mph
• Squall
• Violent, turbulent, gusty weather with heavy
  rainfall and wind gusts up to 90 mph
• Hurricane
• Tropical storms become hurricanes when wind
  speeds reach 73 mph
• Tornado
• Wind velocities in the vortex are estimated at
  200 to 300 mph

8
Damage to Completed Buildings

• Wind damage occurs in one of the following
  manners
• Roof insulation blown from steel deck roofs or
  covering blown from insulation.
• Panels lifted from roof.
• Perimeter flashing assemblies blown from the
  roof.
• Damage to roof coverings, skylights, roof-mounted
  equipment, etc. by wind or wind-blown objects.
• The structural roof itself is lifted off the
  building.
• Water damage to building contents

9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
Damage to Completed Buildings

• Wind damage to buildings is mainly due to areas
  of reduced pressure created when fast moving air
  flows over and around the building.
• The differential is greatest at areas such as
  roof perimeters, roof corners and wall corners.

12
(No Transcript)
13
Ground Roughness

• Velocity of moving air is reduced by ground
  obstruction such as buildings, trees, etc.
  located in the vicinity of that building.
• Four categories of ground roughness
• A Large city centers
• B Urban and suburban areas
• C Open terrain
• D Areas exposed to wind blowing over bodies of
  water (1500 feet inland or 10 times the building
  height)

14
Velocity Pressure

• The actual force on the roof components is the
  velocity pressure at the height of the component
  multiplied by the appropriate pressure
  coefficient (shape).
• The following building surfaces have high
  pressure coefficients
• Roof perimeter strips Along eaves
• Roof perimeter strips Along rake
• Roof ridge strip
• Roof corner areas

15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18

• Steps in designing a roof to withstand coastal
  wind forces.

19

• Step 1
• Obtain basic data on building, site and wind
  velocity.
• Building shape, size and height
• Site location
• Basic wind speed by city, Code appendix K and M

20

• Step 2
• Determine ground roughness according to ANSI -
  A,B,C or D

21

• Step 3
• Use Tables provided by FM to obtain their design
  recommendations. 1-28 and 1-29

22

• Optional
• Custom design a roofing system to resist almost
  any wind condition.

23

• Example 1
• Factory flat roof - 1/8 / ft.
• Location New Haven
• Deck type 22 gage metal
• Insulation type - polyisocyanurate
• Size 400 x 600
• Height 15 (at eave up to 212)
• Ground roughness C open terrain
• Must meet FM approval

24

• Appendix K and M (Connecticut Supplement) by
  city/town
• Greenwich / Stamford 105 mph
• Westport / Norwalk 110 mph
• Bridgeport / Milford 110 mph
• New Haven 110 mph
• Branford / Madison 115 mph
• Old Lyme 120 mph
• New London / Groton 120 mph

25

• Consult Factor Mutual Loss Prevention Data Sheets
  1-28 and 1-29 for instructions for determining
  the required corner and perimeter information as
  well as insulation securement.
• NOTE Do not assume a wind speed of 120 mph
  means a FM 1-120 design.
• You need to take into account other factors
  including wind exposure, building height, profile
  and material.

26

• Velocity Pressure for a building 15 feet high
  with a wind speed of 110 mph 35 psf with an
  exposure of zone 2.

27
Select a roofing system that meets 1-90 wind
storm requirements.
28

• Increase the number of fasteners by
• 50 in the roof perimeter
• 75 in the roof corners

29

• Optional design
• To find the number of fasteners required at
  various locations on the roof
• Determine uplift force at perimeter, corners and
  body of roof.
• Uplift force is equal to the velocity pressure x
  pressure coefficient.

30
(No Transcript)
31

• Determine pressure coefficients according to
  building shape (Table 6)
• body of roof -1.0 x 35 -35 psf
• perimeter -2.0 x 35 -70 psf
• corners -3.0 x 35 -105 psf
• FM recommends a safety factor of x2.

32

• Determine width of the perimeter area according
  to ANSI.
• 0.1 x (smaller dimension of the building)
• 0.4 x height
• Whichever is smaller.
• 400 x .1 40
• 15 x .4 6 (use 10)

33

• Perimeter width is 10 feet.

34

• Fasteners
• 22 gauge metal decking
• Fastener pull-out test with iso insulation
• 360 lbs per fastener
• Board size 4 x 8 32 sf
• No. of fasteners required at corner
• 210 lbs uplift (105 x 2 210)
• Total load on boards at corner
• 210 x 32 6,720 lbs

35

• Divide total load per board by the load carrying
  value of the fastener.
• 6,720 18 fasteners per board at corner
• 360
• 4,480 12 fasteners per board at perimeter
• 360
• 2,240 6 (8) fasteners per board at body
• 360

36

• Example 1 (recap)
• Location New Haven (110 mph)
• Height 15 at eave
• Ground roughness C
• Wind exposure 2
• FM approved class 1-90 rated roof system (deck
  and above-deck components) would be acceptable
• Roof field 8 / board
• Perimeter 12 / board
• Corner 18 / board

37

• Recommendation
• Fasteners 1 every 2 square feet
• (16 fasteners per 4 x 8 sheet
• increase to 18 at corner)
• Check manufacturers warranty requirements. Some
  require additional insulation fasteners for
  extended warranties 20 year, no-dollar limit.

38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40

• Example 2
• Location Groton (120 mph)
• Height 50
• Size 200 x 200
• Ground roughness D (waterfront property)

41
(No Transcript)
42
(No Transcript)
43

• Example 2
• Location Groton (120 mph)
• Height 50
• Ground roughness D (waterfront property)
• Wind exposure 4
• FM approved class 1-150 rated roof system (deck
  and above-deck components) would be acceptable

44
Insulation Attachment

• Appendix K, M (Connecticut Supplement)
• 90,105,110,120 mph

45

• Tectum, gypsum, light weight concrete decking
• Fastener pull-out limited to 30-50 lbs.
• Verify with manufacturer regarding number of
  fasteners.
• Options
• Spray adhesives such as urethane
• Ballasted systems

46
(No Transcript)
47
(No Transcript)
48

• Ballasted single-ply membranes should not be
  used in wind speeds greater than 100 mph.
• Individual concrete pavers may be used in lieu of
  stone.
• weight of pavers - 12, 18, 22 pounds per square
  foot.
• Maximum building height 60 feet
• Parapet height - ??

49

• Maximum building height

50
(No Transcript)
51

• Ballasted single-ply membranes should not be
  used in wind speeds greater than 100 mph.
• Call the manufacturer and let them do the
  calculations for you!

52

• Perimeter Flashing FM 1-49

53
(No Transcript)
54
EPDM edge detail
55
MBR edge
56
MBR parapet
57
Built-up roofing
58
(No Transcript)
59
Sheet Metal
60

• Gravel Stop Edge

61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
Asphalt shingles
64

• 15072.5 Asphalt shingles. ASTM D225 or ASTM
  D3462
• D225 Standard Specification for Asphalt
  Shingles (organic felt)
• D3462 Standard Specification for Asphalt
  Shingles made from Glass Felt
• 1507.2.6 Fasteners. Fasteners for asphalt
  shingles shall be galvanized, stainless steel,
  aluminum or copper roofing nails, minimum 12
  gauge shank with a minimum 0.375 inch-diameter
  head, of a length to penetrate through the
  roofing materials and a minimum of 0.75 inch into
  the roof sheathing.
• Staples???

65
(No Transcript)
66
Material Storage Identification
67
Decking
68

• Staples used for deck securement.

69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71

• 1507.2.7 Attachment. Minimum number of fasteners
  required by the manufacturer, or as required by
  Chapter 15. For normal application, asphalt
  shingles shall be secured to the roof with not
  less than four fasteners per strip shingle or two
  fasteners per individual shingle. Where the roof
  slope exceeds 20 units vertical in 12 units
  horizontal or where the basic wind speed per
  Appendix K is 110 mph or greater, asphalt
  shingles shall be secured to the roof in
  accordance with the manufacturers special
  installation instructions or, in the absence of
  such instructions, with not less than six
  fasteners per strip shingle or three fasteners
  per individual shingle.

72

• Shingles classified using ASTM D 3161 are
  acceptable for use in wind zones less than 110
  mph. Shingles classified using ASTM D 3161
  modified to use a wind speed of 110 mph are
  acceptable for use in all cases where special
  fastening is required.
• ASTM 3161 Standard Test method for
  Wind-Resistance of Asphalt Shingles
• Self-sealing shingle or lock-type
• Test panel set at 212 slope
• Wind velocity of 97 mph
• Fasteners per manufacturers specifications
• No adhesive

73
(No Transcript)
74
Nailing Pattern
75
(No Transcript)
76
(No Transcript)
77
(No Transcript)
78
Rake
79
(No Transcript)
80
(No Transcript)
81
(No Transcript)
82
Ridge Vent
83
(No Transcript)
84

• 1507.2.8 Underlayment application.
• 2/12 to 4/12 slope double layer, 19 wide
  starter strip followed by application of 36 wide
  sheet of underlayment overlapping successive
  sheets 19.
• For slope of 4/12 one layer of underlayment is
  acceptable with an overlap of 2
• 1507.2.8.1 High wind attachment. According to
  manufacturers instructions with
  corrosion-resistant fasteners not over 36 o.c..
• 1507.2.8.2 Ice dam membrane. Two layers of
  underlayment cemented together or a self-adhering
  polymer modified bitumen sheet extending at least
  24 inside the exterior wall line of the building.

85
(No Transcript)
86
(No Transcript)
87
FEMA Advisories

• Following the 2004 hurricanes, FEMA issued three
  Hurricane Recovery Advisories that specifically
  apply to improving the wind resistance of asphalt
  shingle and tile roof systems.

88
FEMA Advisories

• Advisory No. 1 Roof Underlayment for Asphalt
  Shingle Roofs
• Seal all joints in sheathing with 4 wide
  self-adhering modified bitumen tape.
• Single layer of underlayment (30) ASTM D226 Type
  II nailed 6 on laps and 12 field
• Two layers of underlayment (15) ASTM D226 Type I
• Single layer of underlayment (15) ASTM D226 Type
  I

89
NRCA design

• Underlayment
• Recommend installation of a self-adhering
  modified bitumen membrane (Ice and Water shield)
  sheet directly to the roof sheathing throughout.
  Not just at eave or joints in sheathing.
• Recommended for low slopes between 212 and
  412

90
FEMA Advisories

• Advisory No. 2 Asphalt Shingle Roofing for
  High-wind Regions
• Asphalt shingles organic or glass felt
• 6 nails per shingle
• Eaves 3 dabs of roof cement per tab
• Rake 2 dabs of roof cement on drip edge
• Hips and ridges 2 dabs of roof cement on each
  side of shingle

91
NRCA design

• Asphalt shingle
• Use of asphalt cement at starter strips, hips,
  eaves, rakes and ridges is excessive.
• Asphalt cement may cause blistering or other
  damage to the shingle and stain adjacent building
  materials.

92
FEMA Advisories

• Advisory No. 3 Tile Roofing
• Mechanically attached and foam-adhesive-set tiles
  systems where wind speed is 110 mph or greater,
  clips installed at each tile in the first course
  at eaves and mechanically attach tiles at hip and
  ridge.

93
NRCA design

• Tile roofing
• Most of the damage to tile roofs are caused by
  flying debris. How the tile is secured in place
  will not make a difference.

94
(No Transcript)
95

• 1507.3 Clay and concrete tile.
• 1507.3.2 Deck slope. Installed on roof slopes of
  2 ½ /12 or greater.
• 1507.3.5 Concrete tiles. Review ASTM standards.
• 1507.3.6 Fasteners. Tile fasteners shall be
  corrosion resistant and not less than 11 gauge,
  5/16 head.
• 1507.3.7 Attachment. As per Table 1507.3.7

96

• 1507.3.8 Application. According to manufacturers
  instructions based on climatic conditions, roof
  slope, underlayment system and type of tile being
  used.

97
(No Transcript)
98
(No Transcript)
99
(No Transcript)
100
Rainfall
101

• International Plumbing Code
• Section 1105 Roof Drains
• 1105.1 Strainers. Roof drains shall have
  strainers extending not less than 4 inches above
  the surface of the roof immediately adjacent to
  the roof drain. Strainers shall have an
  available inlet area, above roof level, of not
  less than one and one-half times the area of the
  conductor or leader to which the drain is
  connected.

102

• 1105.1 Flat decks. Roof drain strainers for use
  on sun decks, parking decks and similar areas
  that are normally serviced and maintained shall
  comply with Section 1105.1 or shall be of the
  flat-surface type, installed level with the deck,
  with an available inlet area not less than two
  times the area of the conductor or leader to
  which the drain is connected.
• 1105.3 Roof drain flashing. The connection
  between roofs and roof drains which pass through
  the roof and into the interior of the building
  shall be made water tight by the use of approved
  flashing material.

103

• Section 1106 Size of Conductors, Leaders and
  Storm Drains
• 1106.1 General. The size of the vertical
  conductors and leaders, building storm drains,
  building storm sewers, and any horizontal
  branches of such drains or sewers shall be based
  on the 100 year hourly rainfall rate indicated in
  Figure 1106.1 or on other rainfall rates
  determined from approved local weather data.

104

• International Plumbing Code
• Appendix B Rates of Rainfall for Various Cities
  (inches per hour 100 yr)
• Connecticut
• Hartford 2.7
• New Haven 2.8
• Putnam 2.6
• SMACNA
• Connecticut
• Hartford 8.7

105

• 1106.2 Vertical conductors and leaders. Vertical
  conductors and leaders shall be sized for the
  maximum projected roof area in accordance with
  Table 1106.2.
• 1106.3 Building storm drains and sewers. The
  minimum slope of horizontal branches shall be
  one-eighth unit vertical in 12 units horizontal
  unless otherwise approved.

106

• Section 1106 Size of Conductors, Leaders and
  Storm Drains
• 1106.4 Vertical walls. In sizing roof drains and
  storm drainage piping, one-half of the area of
  any vertical wall that diverts rain-water to the
  roof shall be added to the projected roof area
  for inclusion in calculating the required size of
  vertical conductors, leaders and horizontal storm
  drainage piping.

107

• 1106.5 Parapet wall scupper location. Parapet
  wall roof drainage scupper and overflow scupper
  location shall comply with the requirement of the
  International Building Code.
• 1106.6 Size of roof gutters. The size of
  semicircular gutters shall be based on the
  maximum projected roof area in accordance with
  Table 1106.6.

108

• Section 1107 Secondary (Emergency) Roof Drains
• 1107.1 Secondary drainage required. Secondary
  (emergency) roof drains or scuppers shall be
  provided where the roof perimeter construction
  extends above the roof in such a manner that
  water will be entrapped if the primary drains
  allow buildup for any reason.

109

• 1107.2 Separate systems required. Secondary roof
  drain systems shall have the end point of
  discharge separate from the primary system.
  Discharge shall be above grade, in a location
  which would normally be observed by the building
  occupants or maintenance personnel.

110
(No Transcript)
111

• Section 1107 Secondary (Emergency) Roof Drains
• 1107.3 Sizing of secondary drains. Secondary
  (emergency) roof drain systems shall be sized in
  accordance with Section 1106 based on the
  rainfall rate for which the primary system is
  sized in Tables 1106.2, 1106.3 and 1106.6.
  Scuppers shall be sized to prevent the depth of
  ponding water from exceeding that for which the
  roof was designed as determined by Section
  1101.7. Scuppers shall not have an opening
  dimension of less than 4 inches. The flow
  through the primary system shall not be
  considered when sizing the secondary roof drain
  system.

112

• Section 1110 Controlled Flow Roof Drain Systems
• 1111.1 Minimum number of roof drains. Not less
  than two roof drains shall be installed in roof
  areas 10,000 square feet or less and not less
  than four roof drains shall be installed in roofs
  over 10,000 square feet in area.

113
Outline

• International Energy Conservation Code 2003
• Climate Zone (12A)
• Percentage of Opening
• Residential Table 602
• Commercial Table 802
• REScheck and CAMcheck programs

114
International Energy Conservation Code

• Chapter 5 Residential Building Design by
  Component Performance Approach
• Section 502 Building Envelope Requirements
• 502.1.1 Moisture control
• ceilings not ventilated to allow moisture to
  escape shall be provided with an approved vapor
  retarder.

115

• 502.1.3 Recessed lighting fixtures
• 502.2 Heating and cooling criteria. The building
  envelope shall meet the provisions of Table
  502.2.
• Roof / ceiling ---------------

116

• 502.2.1.2 Roof / ceiling. The combined thermal
  transmittance value (U) of the gross area of the
  roof or ceiling assembly shall not exceed the
  value given in Table 502.2. Equation 5-5 shall
  be used to determine acceptable combinations to
  meet this requirement.

117

• Chapter 6 Simplified Prescriptive Requirements
  for Detached One- and Two-Family Dwellings and
  Group R-2, R-4 or Townhouse Residential Buildings
• 602.1.2 Ceilings. The required Ceiling R-value
  in Table 602.1 assumes standard truss or rafter
  construction, and shall apply to all roof /
  ceiling portions of the building thermal
  envelope, including cathedral ceilings.

118
(No Transcript)
119
(No Transcript)
120

• Chapter 7 Building Design for all Commercial
  Buildings
• 802.1 General. Walls, roof assemblies, floors,
  glazing and slabs on grade which are part of the
  building envelope for buildings where the window
  and glazing door area is not greater than 50
  percent of the gross area of above-grade walls
  shall meet the requirements of Section 802..2.1
  through 802.2.9, as applicable. Buildings with
  more glazing shall meet the applicable provisions
  of ASHRAE / IESNA 90.1.

121

• 802.2.4 Roof assembly. The minimum thermal
  resistance (R-value) of the insulating material
  installed either between the roof framing or
  continuously on the roof assembly shall be as
  specified in Table 802.2(1), 802.2(2), 802.2(3)
  or 802.2(4), based on construction materials used
  in the roof assembly.

122
(No Transcript)
123

• Table 802.2(27) Climate Zone 12a
• glazing and door area
• greater than 25 but less than 40
• Insulation R value
• R 30 between framing
• R 23 continuous

124
Free Software

• US Department of Energy
• www.energycodes.gov
• REScheck (residential buildings)
• CAMcheck (commercial buildings)

125

• Web sites
• NRCA.net
• for survey results on manufacturers
• www. Inspect-ny.com
• for asphalt shingle failures

126
You can build it out of gingerbread, but is it FM
approved?
127
Web site www.mabarchitect.com
128
The End