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Chapter 6 Perceiving the World

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Title: Chapter 6 Perceiving the World


1
Chapter 6Perceiving the World
  • AP Psychology 2009-2010
  • Mrs. Guerin T-9

2
Chapter 6 Perceiving the World
  • Textbook pages 212-248
  • Study Guide pages 102-119
  • Theme Perception is an active process
    perceptual impressions are not always accurate
    representations of events.

3
Key Questions
  • What are perceptual constancies, and what is
    their role in perception?
  • What basic principles do we use to group
    sensations into meaningful patterns?
  • How is it possible to see depth and judge
    distance?
  • What effect does learning have on perception?

4
Key Questions (continued)
  • How is perception altered by attention, motives,
    values, and expectations?
  • How reliable are eyewitness reports?
  • Is extrasensory perception possible?

5
Sensation vs. Perception
  • Whats the difference?
  • Sensation is the process of bringing information
    into the nervous system (Ch 5)
  • Perception is the mental process of organizing
    sensations into meaningful patterns (Ch 6)

6
Perceptual ConstanciesTaming an Unruly World
  • size constancy the perceived size of an object
    remains the same, even though the size of its
    image on the retina changes
  • EX
  • Hold your left hand close to nose
  • Hold your right hand at arms length

Hands look totally different sizes but we know
theyre the same
7
Perceptual Constancies (continued)
  • shape constancy the perceived shape of an
    object remains stable, even though the shape of
    its retinal image changes
  • EX

8
Perceptual Constancies (continued)
  • brightness constancy the brightness of objects
    appears to stay the same as lighting conditions
    change
  • EX
  • White shirt still a white shirt whether in
  • sun or shade

9
Perceptual Constancies (continued)
  • native vs. empirical
  • inborn vs. learned
  • (both affect perception)

10
Perceptual OrganizationGetting It All Together
  • Shhh.dont say it out loud - what do you see?

11
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • figure-ground organization tend to see an
    object (figure) against a background (ground)
  • reversible figures background and figure can
    switch

12
Perceptual Organization (continued)
13
Perceptual Organization (continued)
14
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • GESTALT PRINCIPLES
  • nearness (aka proximity)
  • similarity
  • continuation (aka continuity)
  • closure
  • contiguity
  • common region

15
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • Gestalt Principle of
  • nearness (aka proximity) stimuli that are near
    each other are grouped together

16
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • Gestalt Principle of
  • similarity stimuli similar in size, shape,
    color, or form are grouped together

17
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • Gestalt Principle of
  • continuation (or continuity) perceptions tend
    toward simplicity and continuity

18
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • Gestalt Principle of
  • closure tendency to complete a figure so that
    it has a consistent overall form

19
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • Gestalt Principle of
  • contiguity nearness in time and space
    perception that one thing caused another
  • EX
  • knocking on your head at the same time as you
    (secretly) knock on a table sounds like your
    head is made out of wood

knock!
knock!
20
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • Gestalt Principle of
  • common region stimuli found within a common
    area tend to be seen as a group

21
Designing for Human Use p217
  • Engineering Psychologist
  • Adapts machines for human use by making them
    compatible with our sensory and motor capacities
  • http//www.edudecisions.com/articles/psychology/ps
    ychology-jobs/engineering-psychologist.php

22
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • Camouflage patterns or designs that break up
    figure-ground organization
  • EX
  • Military uniforms (in battle), animals, insects.

23
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • perceptual hypothesis an initial guess about
    how to organize sensations
  • (We all do this to figure out what we see, but
    were not always correct)
  • EX
  • You see a friend in the distance only to realize
    when they get closer that its someone else

24
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • ambiguous stimuli patterns that allow more than
    one interpretation
  • EX
  • Neckers cube

25
Perceptual Organization (continued)
  • impossible figure patterns that cannot be
    organized into stable, consistent, or meaningful
    perceptions
  • EX three pronged widget

26
Depth PerceptionWhat If the World Were Flat?
  • depth perception the ability to see in 3D and
    judge distances
  • Q Is depth perception learned or innate?
  • A BOTH!

27
Depth Perception (continued)
  • Visual cliff a glass-topped table made to look
    like a cliff

28
Depth Perception (continued)
  • Depth cues features of the environment and
    messages from the body that supply information
    about distance and space
  • Monocular cues work with just one eye
  • Binocular cues require two eyes

29
Depth Perception (continued)
  • muscular cues come from the body
  • accommodation (monocular cue) the bending of
    the lens to focus on nearby objects (sensations
    from muscles attached to each lens flow back to
    the brain
  • convergence (binocular cue) the turning inward
    of both eyes to see something at a distance under
    50ft

30
Depth Perception (continued)
  • retinal disparity a discrepancy (difference) in
    the images that reach the right and left eyes
  • stereoscopic vision perception of space and
    depth (3D) caused by the fact that the eyes
    receive different images

31
random dot stereogram
32
Depth Perception (continued)
  • A Birds Eye View
  • P223 in textbook

33
Pictorial Cues for DepthA Deep Topic
  • pictorial depth cues (all are monocular)
    features found in paintings, drawings, and
    photographs that impart information about space,
    depth, and distance

34
Pictorial Cues for Depth (continued)
  • Linear perspective
  • Relative size
  • Height in the picture plane
  • Light and shadow
  • Overlap (or interposition)
  • Texture gradients
  • Aerial perspective
  • Relative motion (or motion parallax)

35
Pictorial Cues for Depth (continued)
  • Linear perspective convergence of parallel
    lines in the environment

36
Pictorial Cues for Depth (continued)
  • Relative size to depict two objects at
    different distances, the more distant object is
    smaller

37
Pictorial Cues for Depth (continued)
  • Height in the picture plane objects that are
    placed higher (closer to the horizon line) in a
    drawing tend to be perceived as more distant

38
Pictorial Cues for Depth (continued)
  • Light and shadow copying natural light patterns
    to create the appearance of a 3D picture

39
Pictorial Cues for Depth (continued)
  • Overlap (or interposition) when one object
    partially blocks another

40
Pictorial Cues for Depth (continued)
  • Texture gradients changes in texture also
    contribute to depth perception (texture gets
    smaller and finer in the distance)

41
Pictorial Cues for Depth (continued)
  • Aerial perspective smog, fog, dust, and daze
    add to the apparent distance of an object
    (distant objects tend to be hazy)

42
Pictorial Cues for Depth (continued)
  • Relative motion (or motion parallax) when
    looking out a window, closer objects seem to move
    more than objects that are farther away

43
Pictorial Cues for Depth (continued)
  • The Moon Illusion perceiving the moon as larger
    when it is low in the sky
  • Apparent-distance hypothesis the horizon seems
    more distant than the night sky

44
Pictorial Cues for Depth (continued)
  • Ponzo Illusion the upper bar is the same length
    as the lower bar, but because the upper bar
    appears to be farther away than the lower bar, we
    perceive it as longer

45
Perceptual LearningWhat If the World Were
Upside Down?
  • Perceptual learning changes in the brain that
    alter how we process sensory information
    attributed to prior experience

46
Perceptual Learning (continued)
  • Perceptual habits well-established patterns of
    perceptual organization and attention that affect
    our daily experience

47
(No Transcript)
48
Perceptual Learning (continued)
49
Perceptual Learning (continued)
  • The Ames Room

50
Perceptual Learning (continued)
  • Perceptual features lines, shapes, edges,
    spots, and colors (elements that the brain is
    especially sensitive to)
  • Other-race effect the tendency to be better at
    recognizing faces from ones own racial group
    than faces from other racial or ethnic groups

51
Perceptual Learning (continued)
  • Active movement self-generated action
    (accelerates perceptual adaptation)
  • EX Two groups wore goggles that distorted vision
  • some walked on their own
  • others were pushed around in wheelchairs
  • those that walked adapted more quickly

52
Perceptual Learning (continued)
  • Context information surrounding a stimulus

53
Perceptual Learning (continued)
  • Frames of reference internal standards for
    judging stimuli
  • Adaptation level the medium point of your
    personal frame of reference
  • EX If asked to lift a 10 lb weight would you
    label it light, medium, or heavy?

54
Perceptual Learning (continued)
  • Illusion length, position, motion, curvature,
    or direction is consistently misjudged (but
    stimuli is real)
  • http//dragon.uml.edu/psych/illusion.html
  • Hallucination people perceive objects or events
    that have no external reality

55
Perceptual Learning (continued)
  • Stroboscopic movement motion perceived when
    objects are shown in rapidly changing positions
  • strobe light on dance floor has the opposite
    effect freezes movement

56
Perceptual Learning (continued)
  • Muller-Lyer illusion

57
Perceptual Learning (continued)
  • Size-distance invariance the strict
    relationship between the distance an object lies
    from the eyes and the size of its image

58
Motives and PerceptionMay I Have YourAttention!
  • Pages 234 236
  • Selective attention giving priority to a
    particular incoming sensory message
  • Divided attention when you divide your mental
    effort among tasks, each of which requires more
    or less attention (limited capacity for storing
    thinking about info)

59
Motives and Perception
  • ATTENTION IS ALSO FREQUENTLY RELATED TO contrast
    OR change IN STIMULATION

60
Motives and Perception
  • Inattentional blindness failure to perceive a
    stimulus that is in plain view, but not the focus
    of attention
  • Habituation a decrease in perceptual response
    to a repeated stimulus
  • EX dripping faucet vs. ticking clock

61
Motives and Perception
  • Orientation response (OR) prepares us to
    receive information from a stimulus
  • EX
  • Pupils enlarge, brain-wave patterns shift,
    breathing stops briefly, blood flow to head
    increases, we turn toward stimulus, etc.

62
Motives and Perception
  • Boiled Frog Syndrome not being able to notice
    gradual changes in stimuli

63
Perceptual ExpectanciesOn Your Mark, Get Set
  • Bottom-up processing analyze info starting at
    the bottom with small sensory units (features)
    and build upward to a complete perception
  • Top-down processing preexisting knowledge is
    used to rapidly organize features into a
    meaningful whole

64
Perceptual Expectancies
65
Perceptual Expectancies
  • Perceptual expectancy (or set) a readiness to
    perceive in a particular manner, induced by
    strong expectations
  • (past experience, motives, context, etc.)
  • perceptual sets often lead us to see what we
    expect to see
  • Perceptual category classes, types, groups

66
Psychology in ActionPerception and Objectivity
Believing is Seeing
  • (pages 239 242)
  • Perceptual reconstruction
  • Eyewitness
  • Weapon focus
  • Reality Testing
  • Perceptual Awareness
  • Attention

67
A Step BeyondExtrasensory Perception Do You
Believe in Magic?
  • (pages 243 246)
  • ESP
  • Parapsychology
  • Psi Phenomena
  • Clairvoyance
  • Telepathy
  • Precognition
  • Psychokinesis
  • Coincidence
  • Zener Cards
  • Fraud
  • Skepticism
  • Statistics and Chance
  • Research Methods
  • Replicate
  • Ganzfield
  • Stage ESP
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