Renewables and Energy Storage

1
Renewables and Energy Storage
2
The Changing Political Landscape

• What Does The Future Hold?

3
The Changing Political Landscape
4
Political Reality

• Republican Candidate

John McCain - Reduce carbon emissions by 65 by
2050
5
Political Reality

• Democratic Candidate

Barack Obama - reduce carbon emissions by 80 by
2050
6
Renewable Energy OptionsSmall to Large

• Technology Review
• Opportunities and Issues
• Costs

7
Renewable Energy Options

• Technology Review
• Solar
• Solar Thermal (CSP)
• Photovoltaics
• Wind
• Small Less than 100 kWs
• Utility Scale

8
Solar Energy Options

• Concentrated Solar Power
• Photovoltaics

9
U.S Solar Resource
10
Solar Thermal Technologies (CSP)
Parabolic Trough
Central Receiver
Parabolic Dish
11
Solar Thermal Applications

• Over four gigawatts of concentrating solar power
  capacity is planned worldwide over the next five
  years.
• Plant sizes up to 85 MW successfully operating in
  California since the 1980s.

12
Solar Trough

• Simple, single axis tracking
• Central tube filled with liquid absorbs heat
• Can be combined with storage
• Well proven, highly reliable

13
Central Receiver System

• Fresnel lens concentration
• Potential for high efficiency
• Can be combined with storage
• Less proven than Trough CSP

14
Parabolic dish/engine system

• Concentrates sun on Sterling Engine
• Work has been continuing since 1980s
• Sterling is problematic

15
CSP Advantages

• Fuel supply is free and renewable
• Large areas of the Southwest U.S. ideal for CSP
• Can be integrated with fossil fuel to make it
  dispatchable
• Thermal storage improves capacity factor

16
CSP Advantages - Cont

• Coincident with summer-peak electrical demand
• Proven and mature technology
• Environmentally friendly
• Creates local and domestic employment

17
CSP Disadvantages

• Cost of electricity generated from CSP is higher
  than conventional technologies.
• Requires excellent solar conditions.
• Requires large land area for installation of
  solar collectors.
• 5.7 acres per MW for a zero storage plant to
  about 8 acres per MW for a six-hour storage
  plant.
• Can require significant water for cooling and
  steam for combined cycle power plant.

18
CSP Disadvantages

• Must be located near natural gas supply lines.
• Central receiver and parabolic dish engine have
  not been demonstrated at the commercial scale.
• Parabolic trough plants use aromatic hydrocarbon
  as heat transfer fluid.
• Current tax structure favors fossil fuel plants
  over CSP plants.

19
Operational Environmental Issues
20
CSP Economics
21
Photolvoltaics Market Growth

• RFPs in 2006 50 MWs
• RFPs February 2008 300 500 MWs

22
Photovoltaics Solar Electric

• Technologies
• Silicon
• Monocrystalline
• Polycrystalline
• Thin film
• Amorphous silicon
• CdTe
• CISGS

23
First Solar 40 MW System 4.22/W
24
System Types - Advantages

• Flat-plate Large Small Systems
• They are simpler to design and fabricate.
• Use all the sunlight that strikes them

• Concentrator Large Systems
• Decreases the area needed
• Requires three axis tracking
• Requires ideal solar conditions

25
PhotovoltaicsAdvantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages
• Easily scalable
• Geographically flexible
• 20-30 yr panel life
• Low operating costs
• Low environmental footprint
• Easy to site permit
• Minimal transmission loss
• Concurrence with peak demand
• Can be visible or invisible

• Disadvantages
• High capital costs
• Limited dispatch ability
• Low capacity factor
• Incentive policy dependent

26
Applications Grid Connected

• Residential
• Commercial Rooftop
• Ground Mounted

27
Breakdown of Installed Costs

• Example
• A typical 100 kWp system priced at 740,000
  (8,500/kW), costs would be approximately
• 458,800 for PV modules
• 51,800 for Engineering, Construction,
  Installation
• 177,600 for the balance of system including
  inverter(s), copper wire, disconnects
• 51,800 for permitting, feasibility, etc.

28
Residential InstallationsThings to Consider
29
Residential InstallationsIssues and Questions

• Interconnect issues
• CO legislating net metering rules
• Inverter designs and disconnect requirements
• Fees
• CO legislation building permit fees
• Insurance is home owners sufficient?

30
Residential InstallationsThings to consider
cont.

• Installation
• CO, eight installers in 2006 one hundred
  -twenty in 2008
• Installer certification - none
• Warranties
• Standard , five years parts and labor
• Home Depot, ten years parts and labor

31
Price of Electricity (U.S. Residential)
32
Commercial Applications
33
Commercial Systems

• Advantages
• Located at point of demand
• Has some secondary benefits
• Uses free roof area
• Disadvantages
• Ownership issues - business change hands
• Maintenance issue roof penetrations

34
Electric Vehicle Recharging
35
Commercial Rooftop - conventional

• Advantages
• Maximizes panel efficiency
• Sheds snow

• Disadvantages
• Requires ballasting
• Wind loading
• May require roof modifications

36

• PowerLight Roof Tiles
• Advantages
• Light weight no roof modifications
• Protects roof from UV
• Additional insulation

• Disadvantages
• Does not maximize solar output
• Does not shed snow

37
Central Generation

• Thin Film Photovoltaics
• Amorphous
• CdTe
• CIGS
• Concentrators
• Silicon
• Gallium Arsenide

38
First Solar - Current Thin Film PV Sales
39
First Solar Thin Film Projected Costs
40
Module Output StabilityThe Ultimate Test
41
Utility Scale Wind

• Still the low cost champ

42
U.S. Wind Resources
43
Wind Generation Costs vs. National Wholesale
Power Price
44
Price of Electricity
45
Installed Cost for Wind 1982 - 2006
46
Installed Costs for Wind Projects - 2006
47
O M and Project Size
48
Annual O M Costs
49
Economies of Scale
50
Project Land Requirements
51
Small Wind

• 300 W - 250 kW wind turbines
• Installed at individual homes, farms,
  businesses, schools, etc.
• On the customer side of the meter, or stand
  alone
• 9 mph (4 m/s) average wind speed

52
Small Wind - Issues

• Opportunities
• Community projects school, co-op headquarters
• High visibility to members
• Eligible for grant funding
• Challenges
• Still a cottage industry
• Can require significant effort by the
  owner/operator
• High /kW capital investment
• Refurbished units can be problematic

53
Small Wind - Manufacturers

• Abundant Renewable Energy (Newburg, Ore.)
  (www.abundantre.com)
• Bergey Windpower (Norman, Okla.) (www.bergey.com)
  
• Entegrity Wind Systems (Charlottetown, Canada)
  (www.entegritywind.com)
• Energy Maintenance Service (Gary, S.D.)
  (www.energyms.com)
• Lorax Energy (Webster, N.Y.) (www.lorax-energy.com
  )
• Northern Power Systems (Waitsfield, Vt.)
  (www.northernpower.com)
• Solar Wind Works (Truckee, Calif.)
  (www.solarwindworks.com)
• Southwest Windpower (Flagstaff, Ariz.)
  (http//www.windenergy.com)
• Wind Turbine Industries Corp. (Prior Lake, Minn.)
  (www.windturbine.net)

54
Installed Cost Example
55
Energy Storage

• Now that we have it
• What do we do with it?

56
Challenge - Intermittency

• Wind
• blows at night and early morning
• Can have periods of no wind
• Photovoltaics
• Maximum output is not coincident with demand
• Output can drop rapidly

57
(No Transcript)
58
(No Transcript)
59
Battery CharacteristicsWish List
60
(No Transcript)
61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
To Be Continued