Multiflora rose

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Multiflora rose

• Starting in1866 used as rootstock for ornamental
  roses. Beginning in the 1930s, the U.S. Soil
  Conservation Service promoted it for use in
  erosion control and as "living fences"

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Japanese Barberry
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Oriental bittersweet
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Whats the problem?

• More than 30 percent of New Englands flora is
  exotic (by species)
• Control is mostly aimed at slowing the spread of
  invasive plants
• Second only to habitat loss as a cause of species
  decline and extinction

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Whats the problem?

• Approximately 190 species of vertebrate and
  invertebrate animals and 258 species of native
  plants are officially listed as Endangered,
  Threatened or of Special Concern in
  Massachusetts.

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Endangered/Threatened Species in Amherst

• Town Taxonomic GroupScientific NameCommon
  NameState RankFederal RankMost Recent
  ObsAMHERSTFishNotropis bifrenatusBridle
  ShinerSC 1996AMHERST AmphibianAmbystoma
  lateraleBlue-Spotted SalamanderSC 18--AMHERSTAmph
  ibianHemidactylium scutatumFour-Toed
  SalamanderSC 1993AMHERST ReptileCarphophis
  amoenusEastern Worm SnakeT 18--AMHERSTReptileClem
  mys guttataSpotted TurtleSC 1999AMHERSTReptileCle
  mmys insculptaWood TurtleSC 1996AMHERSTReptileTer
  rapene carolinaEastern Box TurtleSC 1990AMHERST Bi
  rdAccipiter striatusSharp-Shinned
  HawkSC(PS)1970AMHERST BirdAmmodramus
  henslowiiHenslow's SparrowE 1906AMHERST BirdBartra
  mia longicaudaUpland SandpiperE 1906AMHERST BirdCi
  rcus cyaneusNorthern HarrierT 1906AMHERST BirdFalc
  o peregrinusPeregrine FalconE(PSLE)1935AMHERST Bi
  rdPodilymbus podicepsPied-Billed
  GrebeE 1956AMHERSTMusselAlasmidonta
  heterodonDwarf WedgemusselELE1984AMHERSTMusselAla
  smidonta undulataTriangle FloaterSC 1994AMHERST Mu
  sselLigumia nasutaEastern PondmusselSC 1975AMHERST
   MusselStrophitus undulatusCreeperSC 1974AMHERST D
  ragonfly/DamselflyGomphus ventricosusSkillet
  ClubtailSC 1917AMHERST Dragonfly/DamselflyOphiogom
  phus aspersusBrook SnaketailSC 1921AMHERST Dragonf
  ly/DamselflyStylurus amnicolaRiverine
  ClubtailE 1921AMHERSTDragonfly/DamselflyStylurus
  scudderiZebra ClubtailE 1995AMHERST BeetleCicindel
  a purpureaPurple Tiger BeetleSC 1939AMHERST Beetle
  Desmocerus palliatusElderberry Long-Horned
  BeetleSC 1950AMHERST Butterfly/MothApodrepanulatri
  x liberariaNew Jersey Tea InchwormE 1934AMHERST Bu
  tterfly/MothCingilia catenariaChain Dot
  GeometerSC 1977AMHERST Butterfly/MothEacles
  imperialisImperial MothT 1905AMHERSTVascular
  PlantAcer nigrumBlack MapleSC 1989AMHERST Vascular
  PlantAdlumia fungosaClimbing FumitoryT 1874AMHERS
  T Vascular PlantAplectrum hyemalePutty-RootE 1873A
  MHERSTVascular PlantArabis missouriensisGreen
  Rock-CressT 1999AMHERST Vascular PlantArisaema
  dracontiumGreen DragonT 1870AMHERST Vascular
  PlantBlephilia ciliataDowny Wood-MintE 1881AMHERST
  Vascular PlantCarex backiiBack's
  SedgeE 2001AMHERSTVascular PlantCarex
  grayiGray's SedgeT 1999AMHERST Vascular
  PlantCarex tuckermaniiTuckerman's
  SedgeE 1950AMHERST Vascular PlantCerastium
  nutansNodding ChickweedE 1914AMHERSTVascular
  PlantClaytonia virginicaNarrow-Leaved Spring
  BeautyE 1999AMHERSTVascular PlantClematis
  occidentalisPurple ClematisSC 1999AMHERST Vascular
  PlantEriophorum gracileSlender
  CottongrassT 1873AMHERST Vascular PlantGoodyera
  repensDwarf Rattlesnake-PlantainE 1927AMHERSTVasc
  ular PlantHuperzia selagoMountain
  FirmossE 1995AMHERST Vascular PlantHypericum
  ascyronGiant St. John's-WortE 1871AMHERST Vascular
  PlantLiatris borealisNew England Blazing
  StarSC 1930AMHERSTVascular PlantLygodium
  palmatumClimbing FernSC 1999AMHERST Vascular
  PlantMalaxis brachypodaWhite Adder's-MouthE 1881AM
  HERST Vascular PlantMimulus alatusWinged
  Monkey-FlowerE 1913AMHERST Vascular
  PlantMinuartia michauxiiMichaux's
  SandwortT 1903AMHERSTVascular PlantMorus
  rubraRed MulberryE 2000AMHERSTVascular
  PlantOphioglossum pusillumAdder's-Tongue
  FernT 1997AMHERST Vascular PlantPenstemon
  hirsutusHairy BeardtongueE  AMHERST Vascular
  PlantPetasites frigidus var palmatusSweet
  ColtsfootE 1911AMHERST Vascular PlantPodostemum
  ceratophyllumThreadfootSC 1874AMHERSTVascular
  PlantQuercus macrocarpaMossy-Cup
  OakSC 1986AMHERST Vascular PlantRanunculus
  pensylvanicusBristly ButtercupT 1910AMHERST Vascul
  ar PlantSanicula odorataLong-Styled
  SanicleT 1903AMHERSTVascular PlantScheuchzeria
  palustrisPod-GrassE 1995AMHERST Vascular
  PlantScleria triglomerataTall Nut-SedgeE  AMHERST 
  Vascular PlantSenna hebecarpaWild
  SennaE  AMHERST Vascular PlantSolidago
  macrophyllaLarge-Leaved GoldenrodT 1942AMHERSTVas
  cular PlantVerbena simplexNarrow-Leaved
  VervainE 2000AMHERSTVascular PlantVeronicastrum
  virginicumCulver's-RootT 1998

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Prohibited/Noxious Weed Seed Law

•  ""Prohibited noxious-weed seeds'', seeds or
  perennial weeds which not only reproduce by seed,
  but also spread by underground roots or stems and
  other reproductive parts and which, when
  established, are highly destructive and difficult
  to control by ordinary good cultural practice,
  including the seed of Canada thistle (Cirsium
  arvense), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis),
  and quack grass (Agropyron repens).
•   ""Restricted noxious-weed seeds'', seeds of
  such weeds as are very objectionable in fields,
  lawns or gardens, but which can be controlled by
  good cultural practice including the seeds of
  dodder (Cuscuta spp.), horsenettle (Solanum
  carolinense), wild mustards (Brassica spp.),
  limited to India mustard (B. juncea), charlock or
  wild mustard B. Kaber (B. arvensis), and black
  mustard (B. nigra), wild garlic and wild onion
  (Allium spp.), perennial sowthistle (Sonchus
  arvensis), corncockle (Agrostemma githago),
  buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolata), wild
  radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), bedstraw (Galium
  spp.) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua).

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European buckthorns
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Japanese knotweed
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Japanese honeysuckle
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Gypsy moth
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Gypsy moth control

• Entomologist Joseph Elkington at UMass

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Asian longhorned beetle
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Leidy's Comb Jelly vs carp
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Melaleuca vs pond apple
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Fire Tree Morella faya

• NATIVE RANGE Azores, Madeira, and the Canary
  islands
• The ONLY plant whose invasive ability is
  understood.

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No easy solutions here

• Cats kill two million birds per year in MA
• Fish stocking alters native gene pool
• Domestic ducks and geese interbreed with wild
  birds
• Red fox in MA are of European descent and have
  displaced the native gray fox

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Deep Ecology

• Norwegian philosopher, Arnie Naess, 1972
• Anthropocentrism - human-centeredness - is
  misguided.
• Don't do certain things that damage the planet,
  just as you shouldn't cut off your own finger.

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Big Picture

• Unprecedented scale
• Unprecedented rate
• Climate change will accelerate
• International law never adequate
• International law weakened by GATT

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Takings Law"... nor shall private property be
taken for public use, without just compensation."

• With these few words, the framers of the United
  States Constitution enshrined in the Fifth
  Amendment one of the most fundamental of
  individual rights -- to own property free of the
  threat of seizure by government, unless the
  government pays for it. This basic property right
  was derived from 17th and 18th Century English
  legal tradition that prohibited the king from
  taking a subject's property except by a duly
  enacted law of the land and with full
  indemnification.

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My take

• Plant invasions are allowed in MA to the extent
  that land is not really useful to people
• Nature is not stable
• Forget diversitystability idea
• On my land Id use glyphosate or fire

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UMasss own invasionAmur Corktree