Broadcasting

1
Broadcasting

• The FCC says the term broadcasting means
  transmissions intended for reception by the
  general public, either direct or relayed. (See
  97.3(a)(10))
• This is important for hams, because ...

2
...Ham Communications are Generally Two-Way

• The whole idea behind getting a ham license is
  to talk to other hams, but there are a few
  exceptions. You can telecommand (operate) your
  model plane, boat or car using amateur radio, as
  well soon see. You can also make brief
  transmissions to adjust your station, and you can
  even transmit Morse code practice. However, you
  can never make broadcasts intended for reception
  by the general public.
• (See 97.3(a)(10), 97.113(b))

3
Hams are not Broadcasters

• If you want to be the next Rush Limbaugh, ham
  radio is not the place to do it. The FCC frowns
  on most activities that might be considered
  broadcasting.
• For example, amateur stations are never
  authorized to transmit information to the general
  public. (See 97.113(b))

4
Music Only from Mission Control!

• If talk radio isnt your thing, but music is,
  thats fine, but for the most part, you cannot
  transmit music via amateur radio with one
  exception.
• Back at the beginning of the Space Shuttle
  program, the FCC said it was OK for hams to
  rebroadcast audio between the Shuttle and Mission
  Control. There was only one problem - NASA wakes
  the crew every morning with some of the
  astronauts favorite tunes, and retransmitted
  tunes would violate the music rule. The FCC
  changed the rule so that it now says amateurs may
  not transmit music, except as incidental to an
  authorized rebroadcast of space shuttle
  communications. (See 97.113(e))

5
Codes and Ciphers Generally Not Allowed!

• Want to communicate with the love of your life
  over the air by saying little code words that
  only the two of you can understand? Well, youd
  better use the phone, because the transmission of
  codes or ciphers to hide the meaning of a message
  transmitted by an amateur station is generally
  not allowed.
• But there are a couple of exceptions. As you
  will learn later, some amateurs have worked very
  hard to get amateur satellites into space for
  communications. These satellites have to be
  controlled from the ground. Youll also learn
  that other hams use amateur radio to control
  radio-controlled models. As a result the FCC
  says that codes and ciphers may be used only when
  transmitting control commands to space stations
  (amateur satellites) or radio controlled model
  craft. (See 97.113(a)(4), 97.211(b), 97.217)

6
Unidentified Communications

• You may already be familiar with CB or Internet
  chat rooms where everyone has a handle and nobody
  goes by their real name, but thats not the way
  it is with amateur radio. As a general rule,
  every amateur station must regularly identify
  itself, and this is usually done with the amateur
  call sign (more about that later), but there is
  another exception that applies to space stations
  and radio-controlled craft. The rule is that an
  amateur station may not generally transmit
  unidentified communications except when sent from
  a space station or to control a model craft.
  (See 97.119(b))

7
No False or Deceptive Signals

• Another no-no is transmitting false or
  deceptive signals. For example, if you want to
  pretend to be a ham transmitting from a far away
  location, you cant do it. An amateur may never
  transmit false or deceptive signals. (See
  97.113(a)(4))

8
Watch Your Language!

• As far as subject matter on the air, goes,
  there is really only one thing to remember. You
  can talk politics, discuss what your saw on TV
  last night, send Morse code practice, or talk
  about pretty much whatever you want to. However,
  the one thing you can never do is use indecent or
  obscene language. That has no place on the ham
  bands. (See 97.113(a)(4))

9
You Cant Use Your Radio for Business

• As a general rule, the FCC allows an amateur
  radio station to be used as a method of
  communication for hire or material compensation
  only when its done in accordance with Part 97
  rules. (See 97.113(2))
• The exceptions in the rules generally cover
  teachers using amateur radio as part of their
  curriculum and employees working at amateur radio
  organizations with operating stations. One of
  these is covered later in this study guide.

10
You Cant Use an Autopatch For Business Either!

• Before cell phones, many amateur radio
  repeaters featured an autopatch. An autopatch is
  a device that lets you place a telephone call
  from your radio through an amateur repeater.
  (More on repeaters later.) It was nice to be
  able to make a personal call from your car.
  Nowadays, most everyone has a cell phone, and
  although autopatches are still around, they are
  not used very often. Because they are still
  used, you need to know the rules. Using an
  autopatch, you can make all kinds of personal,
  non-commercial calls. You can call to get a
  weather report, report an accident, or report a
  power outage. However, you could not legally
  call your employer requesting directions to a
  customer's office. That would be a business use
  and is prohibited. (See 97.113(a)(3),(a)5(e))

11
Amateur Radio Hoss Tradin

• Hams love to buy, sell and swap equipment, and
  a lot of that goes on over the air. The FCC says
  thats OK so long as you are offering amateur
  radio equipment for sale or trade only on an
  occasional basis. If you want to turn it into a
  business, you can open a store or go to Ebay, but
  you cant do it on the air. (See 97.113(a)3)

12
Check-Up Time!

• Now lets try the questions from this group.
• You should make a note of any that you miss for
  later review.

13
T2A01

• When is an amateur station authorized to
  transmit information to the general public?
• A. Never
• B. Only when the operator is being paid
• C. Only when the transmission lasts more than 10
  minutes
• D. Only when the transmission lasts longer than
  15 minutes

14
T2A01 Answer - A

• 97.113(b)
• (b) An amateur station shall not engage in any
  form of broadcasting, nor may an amateur station
  transmit one-way communications except as
  specifically provided in these rules nor shall
  an amateur station engage in any activity related
  to program production or news gathering for
  broadcasting purposes, except that communications
  directly related to the immediate safety of human
  life or the protection of property may be
  provided by amateur stations to broadcasters for
  dissemination to the public where no other means
  of communication is reasonably available before
  or at the time of the event.

15
T2A02

• When is an amateur station authorized to
  transmit music?
• A. Amateurs may not transmit music, except as
  incidental to an authorized rebroadcast of space
  shuttle communications
• B. Only when the music produces no spurious
  emissions
• C. Only to interfere with an illegal transmission
• D. Only when the music is above 1280 MHz

16
T2A02 Answer - A

• 97.113(a)(4), 97.113(e)
• Some repeaters rebroadcast Shuttle-ground
  transmissions from NASA feeds. Sometimes, the
  ground will play music as part of a wakeup call.
  This is why music is allowed only in this very
  limited circumstance. Otherwise, absolutely no
  transmission of music is allowed!

17
T2A03

• When is the transmission of codes or ciphers
  allowed to hide the meaning of a message
  transmitted by an amateur station?
• A. Only during contests
• B. Only when operating mobile
• C. Only when transmitting control commands to
  space stations or radio control craft
• D. Only when frequencies above 1280 MHz are used

18
T2A03 Answer - C

• 97.113(a)(4), 97.211(b), 97.217
• The general rule is that no codes or ciphers
  are permitted. However, an exception is made for
  controlling space stations such as amateur
  satellites, or radio controlled model craft.

19
T2A04

• When may an amateur station transmit false or
  deceptive signals?
• A. Never
• B. When operating a beacon transmitter in a "fox
  hunt" exercise
• C. Only when making unidentified transmissions
• D. When needed to hide the meaning of a message
  for secrecy

20
T2A04 Answer - A

• 97.113(a)(4)
• No amateur station shall transmit
• (4) Music using a phone emission except as
  specifically provided elsewhere in this section
  communications intended to facilitate a criminal
  act messages encoded for the purpose of
  obscuring their meaning, except as otherwise
  provided herein obscene or indecent words or
  language or false or deceptive messages, signals
  or identification

21
T2A05

• When may an amateur station transmit
  unidentified communications?
• A. Only during brief tests not meant as messages
• B. Only when they do not interfere with others
• C. Only when sent from a space station or to
  control a model craft
• D. Only during two-way or third party
  communications

22
T2A05 Answer - C

• 97.119(b)
• Actually, subsection (a) is probably the more
  appropriate rule reference. It states Each
  amateur station, except a space station or
  telecommand station, must transmit its assigned
  call sign on its transmitting channel...
• (Note that the telecommand station is the earth
  station controlling the space station.)

23
T2A06

• What does the term broadcasting mean?
• A. Transmissions intended for reception by the
  general public, either direct or relayed
• B. Retransmission by automatic means of programs
  or signals from non-amateur stations
• C. One-way radio communications, regardless of
  purpose or content
• D. One-way or two-way radio communications
  between two or more stations

24
T2A06 Answer - A

• 97.3(a)(10)
• Broadcasting. Transmissions intended for
  reception by the general public, either direct or
  relayed.

25
T2A07

• Which of the following are specifically
  prohibited in the Amateur Radio Service?
• A. Discussion of politics
• B. Discussion of programs on broadcast stations
• C. Indecent and obscene language
• D. Morse code practice

26
T2A07 Answer - C

• 97.113(a)(4)
• No amateur station shall transmit
• (4) Music using a phone emission except as
  specifically provided elsewhere in this section
  communications intended to facilitate a criminal
  act messages encoded for the purpose of
  obscuring their meaning, except as otherwise
  provided herein obscene or indecent words or
  language or false or deceptive messages, signals
  or identification

27
T2A08

• Which of the following one-way communications
  may not be transmitted in the Amateur Radio
  Service?
• A. Telecommand of model craft
• B. Broadcasts intended for reception by the
  general public
• C. Brief transmissions to make adjustments to the
  station
• D. Morse code practice

28
T2A08 Answer - B

• 97.3(a)(10), 97.113(b)
• This is just another way of reinforcing the
  rule that amateurs may not engage in broadcasting.

29
T2A09

• When does the FCC allow an amateur radio station
  to be used as a method of communication for hire
  or material compensation?
• A. Only when making test transmissions
• B. Only when news is being broadcast in times of
  emergency
• C. Only when in accordance with part 97 rules
• D. Only when your employer is using amateur radio
  to broadcast advertising

30
T2A09 Answer - C

• 97.113(a)(2)
• (a) No amateur station shall transmit
• (2) Communications for hire or for material
  compensation, direct or indirect, paid or
  promised, except as otherwise provided in these
  rules

31
T2A10

• What type of communications are prohibited when
  using a repeater autopatch?
• A. Calls to a recorded weather report
• B. Calls to your employer requesting directions
  to a customer's office
• C. Calls to the police reporting a traffic
  accident
• D. Calls to a public utility reporting an outage
  of your telephone

32
T2A10 Answer - B

• 97.113(2)97.113(a)(3),(a)5(e)
• You cannot use amateur radio for any business
  or profit related purpose (pecuniary gain).

33
T2A11

• When may you use your station to tell people
  about equipment you have for sale?
• A. Never
• B. When you are conducting an on-line auction
• C. When you are offering amateur radio equipment
  for sale or trade on an occasional basis
• D. When you are helping a recognized charity

34
T2A11 Answer - C

• 97.113(a)3
• No amateur station shall transmit
• (3) Communications in which the station licensee
  or control operator has a pecuniary interest,
  including communications on behalf of an
  employer. Amateur operators may, however, notify
  other amateur operators of the availability for
  sale or trade of apparatus normally used in an
  amateur station, provided that such activity is
  not conducted on a regular basis
• While you can offer items for sale from time to
  time, you cannot turn this into a business.

35
Group T2B

• Group T2B covers basic identification
  requirements for amateur operators. It also
  covers repeater identification and station
  identification for non-voice modes, as well as
  identification requirements for mobile and
  portable operation.

36
Your Call Sign

• In Study Guide 1, you learned a little bit
  about your call sign. In this part, youll learn
  a bit more about how to use it.
• To begin with, you must always use your FCC
  assigned call sign to identify your amateur
  station. (See 97.119(a))
• When talking to a ham in foreign country, using
  the other hams language is a nice gesture if you
  know it. However, regardless of the language you
  use to communicate, you must always give your
  call sign in English. (See 97.119(b)(2))
• Any transmission that does not contain your
  station identification (your call sign) is
  considered unidentified communications or
  signals, and thats another thing the FCC doesnt
  like. (See 97.119(a))

37
How Often Are You Required To Identify?

• By rule, an amateur station must transmit the
  assigned call sign every 10 minutes during
  communications and at the end of each
  communication. (See 97.119(a)) There are
  several possible questions on this rule alone, so
  know it well!
• (Note that the rule does not require you to
  give your call at the beginning, but youll
  almost certainly do that anyway as you call or
  answer a call. However, you are tested on the
  rule, so answer based on the rule!)

38
Using Special Event Call Signs

• In Study Guide 1, you learned about those 1
  by 1 special event call signs you can apply for.
  The FCC says that when you use a special event
  call, you have to ID using your own call sign at
  least once every hour. Its a quirky rule, but
  its tested. (See 97.119(d))

39
Using Self-Assigned Indicators

• Some people like to add self-assigned
  indicators to their call to give other hams
  additional information. For example, some hams
  like to communicate using really low power. In
  the ham world, this is known as QRP. So a ham
  might want to advertise that he or she is working
  QRP, and may ID with something like KA4PUV/QRP.
  Thats OK, according to the FCC, so long as the
  indicator does not conflict with an indicator
  specified by FCC rules or with a prefix assigned
  to another country. (See 97.119(c))

40
Temporary Indicators

• Lets look ahead a bit. Suppose you pass your
  Morse code and General tests at a future VE
  session and upgrade to General. Since you
  already have a license, the CSCE you learned
  about in Study Guide 1 will allow you to
  immediately begin operating as a General by using
  the temporary indicator /AG after your call
  sign. You can continue to use this temporary
  indicator until you get your general license.
  The letters AG mean authorized General. (See
  97.119(f)(2))

41
Operating Another Hams Station

• Suppose you have gotten really smart and
  upgraded to General. You visit a ham friend who
  is still a Technician, and you want to operate
  his equipment, but you want to operate on a
  frequency only open to Generals or Extras? Can
  you do it?
• Yes, but you have to do it right. Since your
  buddy cannot be a control operator on a General
  frequency, you have to be the control operator.
  To do it right, the FCC says you have to identify
  by sending your buddys call sign first, followed
  by your call sign. (See 97.119(e))

42
Repeaters

• Amateur repeaters are established by hams to
  allow longer range communications with low power
  radios. Repeaters are stations that receive a
  transmission on one frequency and repeat it on
  another. Repeater antennas are usually located
  high above ground on water towers, mountains or
  communications towers so that they are able to
  receive signals from long distances.

43
Repeaters

• Most amateur VHF and UHF radios are designed to
  work with repeaters, so understanding how they
  work is important to the Technician licensee.
  Youll be learning a good deal more about
  repeaters as we go along.

44
Repeater Identification

• Because repeaters are amateur radio stations,
  they must identify, and most are set up to
  automatically identify every ten minutes when
  they are being used. They identify using the
  call sign of the owner, and the FCC says they ID
  in one of several ways. They can identify by
  using phone in English. (Note that when phone
  is used in amateur radio, it means a voice
  transmission not a telephone!) Repeaters
  designed to retransmit amateur television signals
  may identify using a video image that conforms to
  the applicable video standard. Repeaters may
  also identify by sending their call sign in Morse
  code. This is probably the most common method.
  (See 97.119(b))

45
Check-Up Time!

• Now lets try the questions from this group.
• You should make a note of any that you miss for
  later review.

46
T2B01

• What must you transmit to identify your amateur
  station?
• A. Your tactical ID
• B. Your call sign
• C. Your first name and your location
• D. Your full name

47
T2B01 Answer - B

• 97.119(a)
• (a) Each amateur station, except a space station
  or telecommand station, must transmit its
  assigned call sign on its transmitting channel at
  the end of each communication, and at least every
  ten minutes during a communication, for the
  purpose of clearly making the source of the
  transmissions from the station known to those
  receiving the transmissions. No station may
  transmit unidentified communications or signals,
  or transmit as the station call sign, any call
  sign not authorized to the station.

48
T2B02

• What is a transmission called that does not
  contain a station identification?
• A. Unidentified communications or signals
• B. Reluctance modulation
• C. Test emission
• D. Intentional interference

49
T2B02 Answer - A

• 97.119(a)
• (a) Each amateur station, except a space station
  or telecommand station, must transmit its
  assigned call sign on its transmitting channel at
  the end of each communication, and at least every
  ten minutes during a communication, for the
  purpose of clearly making the source of the
  transmissions from the station known to those
  receiving the transmissions. No station may
  transmit unidentified communications or signals,
  or transmit as the station call sign, any call
  sign not authorized to the station.

50
T2B03

• How often must an amateur station transmit the
  assigned call sign?
• A. At the beginning of each transmission and
  every 10 minutes during communication
• B. Every 10 minutes during communications and at
  the end of each communication
• C. At the end of each transmission
• D. Only at the end of the communication

51
T2B03 Answer - B

• 97.119(a)
• (a) Each amateur station, except a space station
  or telecommand station, must transmit its
  assigned call sign on its transmitting channel at
  the end of each communication, and at least every
  ten minutes during a communication, for the
  purpose of clearly making the source of the
  transmissions from the station known to those
  receiving the transmissions. No station may
  transmit unidentified communications or signals,
  or transmit as the station call sign, any call
  sign not authorized to the station.

52
T2B04

• What is an acceptable method of transmitting a
  repeater station identification?
• A. By phone using the English language
• B. By video image conforming to applicable
  standards
• C. By Morse code at a speed not to exceed 20
  words per minute
• D. All of these answers are correct.

53
T2B04 Answer - D

• 97.119(b)
• (b) The call sign must be transmitted with an
  emission authorized for the transmitting channel
  in one of the following ways
• (1) By a CW emission. When keyed by an
  automatic device used only for identification,
  the speed must not exceed 20 words per minute
• (2) By a phone emission in the English
  language. Use of a standard phonetic alphabet as
  an aid for correct station identification is
  encouraged
• (3) By a RTTY emission using a specified
  digital code when all or part of the
  communications are transmitted by a RTTY or data
  emission
• (4) By an image emission conforming to the
  applicable transmission standards, either color
  or monochrome, of 73.682(a) of the FCC Rules
  when all or part of the communications are
  transmitted in the same image emission.

54
T2B05

• What identification is required when two amateur
  stations end communications?
• A. No identification is required
• B. One of the stations must transmit both
  stations' call signs
• C. Each station must transmit its own call sign
• D. Both stations must transmit both call signs

55
T2B05 Answer - C

• 97.119(a)
• Each station is required by this rule to
  transmit its own call sign only. As a matter of
  custom, you will often hear each station transmit
  the other stations call followed by its own.
  Keep in mind, however, that this is custom and
  not the rule.

56
T2B06

• What is the longest period of time an amateur
  station can operate without transmitting its call
  sign?
• A. 5 minutes
• B. 10 minutes
• C. 15 minutes
• D. 30 minutes

57
T2B06 Answer - B

• 97.119(a)
• When you are involved in amateur transmissions,
  you must ID at least every ten minutes.

58
T2B07

• What is a permissible way to identify your
  station when you are speaking to another amateur
  operator using a language other than English?
• A. You must identify using the official version
  of the foreign language
• B. Identification is not required when using
  other languages
• C. You must identify using the English language
• D. You must identify using phonetics

59
T2B07 Answer - C

• 97.119(b)(2)
• (b) The call sign must be transmitted with an
  emission authorized for the transmitting channel
  in one of the following ways
• (2) By a phone emission in the English language.
  Use of a standard phonetic alphabet as an aid for
  correct station identification is encouraged

60
T2B08

• How often must you identify using your assigned
  call sign when operating while using a special
  event call sign?
• A. Every 10 minutes
• B. Once when the event begins and once when it
  concludes
• C. Never
• D. Once per hour

61
T2B08 Answer - D

• 97.119(d)
• (d) When transmitting in conjunction with an
  event of special significance, a station may
  substitute for its assigned call sign a special
  event call sign as shown for that station for
  that period of time on the common data base
  coordinated, maintained and disseminated by the
  special event call sign data base coordinators.
  Additionally, the station must transmit its
  assigned call sign at least once per hour during
  such transmissions.

62
T2B09

• What is required when using one or more
  self-assigned indicators with your assigned call
  sign?
• A. The indicator must not conflict with an
  indicator specified by FCC rules or with a prefix
  assigned to another country
• B. The indicator must consist only of numeric
  digits
• C. The indicator must include the 2-letter
  abbreviation for your state
• D. The indicator must be separated from your call
  sign by a double slash mark

63
T2B09 Answer - A

• 97.119(c)
• (c) One or more indicators may be included with
  the call sign. Each indicator must be separated
  from the call sign by the slant mark (/) or by
  any suitable word that denotes the slant mark. If
  an indicator is self-assigned, it must be
  included before, after, or both before and after,
  the call sign. No self-assigned indicator may
  conflict with any other indicator specified by
  the FCC Rules or with any prefix assigned to
  another country.
• An example of this would be KA4PUV/QRP,
  indicating that the station is operating QRP (or
  low power).

64
T2B10

• What is the correct way to identify when
  visiting a station if you hold a higher class
  license than that of the station licensee and you
  are using a frequency not authorized to his class
  of license?
• A. Send your call sign first, followed by his
  call sign
• B. Send his call sign first, followed by your
  call sign
• C. Send your call sign only, his is not required
• D. Send his call sign followed by "/KT"

65
T2B10 Answer - B

• 97.119(e)
• (e) When the operator license class held by the
  control operator exceeds that of the station
  licensee, an indicator consisting of the call
  sign assigned to the control operator's station
  must be included after the call sign.

66
T2B11

• When exercising the operating privileges earned
  by examination upgrade of a license what is meant
  by use of the indicator "/AG"?
• A. Authorized General
• B. Adjunct General
• C. Address as General
• D. Automatically General

67
T2B11 Answer - A

• 97.119(f)(2)
• The rule specifies that the person must sign
  /AG, but it does not define the meaning of the
  A in AG. However, the meaning is implied by
  the language that says, When the control
  operator who is exercising the rights and
  privileges authorized by 97.9(b)of this Part, an
  indicator must be included after the call sign as
  follows...

68
Group T2C

• Group T2C covers the definition of control
  operator and where the control operator must be
  located. It also covers automatic and remote
  control of amateur stations as well as auxiliary
  stations

69
One License Only

• Every amateur is issued one and only one
  license. This license covers both the operator
  and the operators primary station. (See
  97.5(b)(1))

70
Control Operator

• OK, were going to get into some legal terms
  here. They may seem confusing at first, so take
  your time.
• The first term is control operator. The FCC
  says a control operator is an operator designated
  by the licensee to be responsible for the
  station's transmissions to assure compliance with
  FCC rules. (See 97.3(a)(13))
• You are usually the control operator of your
  station, but you could designate someone else to
  be a control operator. However, you are
  responsible for insuring that whoever you allow
  to be a control operator of your station follows
  all FCC rules. At a minimum, that person would
  have to be licensed for the frequency being used
  and follow all FCC rules. Otherwise, both you
  and the other person could be liable for any
  violations.

71
Someone Always Has To Be In Control

• Whether its you or someone else you choose,
  every station has to have a control operator.
  The control operator is the person responsible
  for the proper operation of that station. (See
  97.7)

72
Repeat After Me...

• The control operator is the person responsible
  for all transmissions from an amateur station.
  (See 97.3(a)(12))

73
Repeat This, Too...

• An amateur station must have a control operator
  whenever the station is transmitting! (See
  97.7)
• (This control operator thing is really
  important!)

74
Repeater Control Operator

• One of the things you can do as a Technician is
  to be the control operator of a repeater (within
  your operating privileges, of course). It costs
  a lot of money and takes a lot of work to get a
  repeater on the air, but if you can afford to do
  it, as a Technician, you can be the control
  operator. So can any other amateur operator, so
  long as the frequencies used are within the
  operators privileges. (See 97.205(a))

75
Control Point

• Now lets look at another important definition,
  control point. The control point of an amateur
  station is the location at which the control
  operator function is performed. (See 97.3)
• Usually, the control point is right there in
  front of the radio, but not always. Space
  stations, like those amateur satellites we
  mentioned, are controlled remotely from the
  ground, and repeaters are almost always
  controlled remotely as well.
• The control point is where the control operator
  does the controlling.

76
A Control Operator Is Not Always Present At The
Control Point

• Repeaters and space stations are often remotely
  controlled when changes need to be made. But
  most of the time, they work automatically. That
  is, they ID automatically, and they are activated
  whenever any ham uses the right tone or signal to
  activate them. Such stations are automatically
  controlled. An amateur station that is
  automatically controlled does not require a
  control operator to always be at the control
  point. (See 97.109(d))

77
Three Types of Station Control

• Weve sort of hinted at this already, but there
  are three ways an amateur station may be
  controlled by the control operator. They are
• Local control right there in front of the
  radio
• Remote control - control from some distance
  away using some sort of remote control device
• Automatic control the radio is designed to
  operate and comply with the rules automatically
• (See 97.3(a))

78
Repeaters Are Generally Under Automatic Control

• If every repeater required an operator to
  always be at the control point, we would have
  very few repeaters! Most repeaters are designed
  and set up so that they will operate within the
  FCC rules automatically, and are automatically
  controlled. (See 97.3(a))
• (Note Dont get confused here. When you are
  using a repeater, you are using a form of remote
  control to access it, but you are not the control
  operator. It is automatically controlled because
  the control operator has set it up to ID and do
  the other things it needs to do automatically.)

79
Local Control

• On the other hand, when you use a handheld
  radio to talk to your friend down the trail, or
  to access the repeater, you are the control
  operator of your handheld, and you are
  controlling it by local control. (See 97.109(a))

80
Remote Control

• When the control operator is not at the station
  location but can still make changes to a
  transmitter, the station is under remote control.
  If the control operator of a space station needs
  to tweak the transmitter, it is done by remote
  control from the ground. A repeater control
  operator will often adjust a repeater transmitter
  by remote control as well. (See 97.3)

81
Check-Up Time!

• Now lets try the questions from this group.
• You should make a note of any that you miss for
  later review.

82
T2C01

• What must every amateur station have when
  transmitting?
• A. A frequency-measuring device
• B. A control operator
• C. A beacon transmitter
• D. A third party operator

83
T2C01 Answer - B

• 97.7
• When transmitting, each amateur station must
  have a control operator. The control operator
  must be a person
• (a) For whom an amateur operator/primary station
  license grant appears on the ULS consolidated
  licensee database, or
• (b) Who is authorized for alien reciprocal
  operation by 97.107 of this part

84
T2C02

• How many amateur operator / primary station
  licenses may be held by one person?
• A. As many as desired
• B. One for each portable transmitter
• C. Only one
• D. One for each station location

85
T2C02 Answer - C

• 97.5(b)(1)
• (b) The types of station license grants are
• (1) An operator/primary station license grant.
  One, but only one, operator/primary station
  license grant may be held by any one person. The
  primary station license is granted together with
  the amateur operator license. Except for a
  representative of a foreign government, any
  person who qualifies by examination is eligible
  to apply for an operator/primary station license
  grant.

86
T2C03

• What minimum class of amateur license must you
  hold to be a control operator of a repeater
  station?
• A. Technician Plus
• B. Technician
• C. General
• D. Amateur Extra

87
T2C03 Answer - B

• 97.205(a)
• (a) Any amateur station licensed to a holder of
  a Technician, General, Advanced or Amateur Extra
  Class operator license may be a repeater. A
  holder of a Technician, General, Advanced or
  Amateur Extra Class operator license may be the
  control operator of a repeater, subject to the
  privileges of the class of operator license held.

88
T2C04

• Who is responsible for the transmissions from an
  amateur station?
• A. Auxiliary operator
• B. Operations coordinator
• C. Third-party operator
• D. Control operator

89
T2C04 Answer - D

• 97.3(a)(12)
• Control operator. An amateur operator designated
  by the licensee of a station to be responsible
  for the transmissions from that station to assure
  compliance with the FCC Rules.

90
T2C05

• When must an amateur station have a control
  operator?
• A. Only when training another amateur
• B. Whenever the station receiver is operated
• C. Whenever the station is transmitting
• D. A control operator is not needed

91
T2C05 Answer - C

• 97.7
• When transmitting, each amateur station must
  have a control operator. The control operator
  must be a person
• (a) For whom an amateur operator/primary station
  license grant appears on the ULS consolidated
  licensee database, or
• (b) Who is authorized for alien reciprocal
  operation by 97.107 of this part

92
T2C06

• What is the control point of an amateur station?
• A. The on/off switch of the transmitter
• B. The input/output port of a packet controller
• C. The variable frequency oscillator of a
  transmitter
• D. The location at which the control operator
  function is performed

93
T2C06 Answer - D

• 97.3
• Specifically, 97.3(13)
• Control point. The location at which the control
  operator function is performed.

94
T2C07

• What type of amateur station does not require a
  control operator to be at the control point?
• A. A locally controlled station
• B. A remotely controlled station
• C. An automatically controlled station
• D. An earth station controlling a space station

95
T2C07 Answer - C

• 97.109(d)
• (d) When a station is being automatically
  controlled, the control operator need not be at
  the control point. Only stations specifically
  designated elsewhere in this Part may be
  automatically controlled. Automatic control must
  cease upon notification by a District Director
  that the station is transmitting improperly or
  causing harmful interference to other stations.
  Automatic control must not be resumed without
  prior approval of the District Director.

96
T2C08

• What are the three types of station control
  permitted and recognized by FCC rule?
• A. Local, remote and automatic control
• B. Local, distant and automatic control
• C. Remote, distant and unauthorized control
• D. All of the choices are correct

97
T2C08 Answer - A

• 97.3(a)
• Notice that 97.3 is the definitions section for
  Part 97. The three terms, local control, remote
  control and automatic control are all defined
  there.

98
T2C09

• What type of control is being used on a repeater
  when the control operator is not present?
• A. Local control
• B. Remote control
• C. Automatic control
• D. Uncontrolled

99
T2C09 Answer - C

• 97.3(a)
• Note that a repeater may be operated twenty
  four hours a day. It does not require the
  presence of the control operator because it is
  being operated by automatic control.

100
T2C10

• What type of control is being used when
  transmitting using a handheld radio?
• A. Radio control
• B. Unattended control
• C. Automatic control
• D. Local control

101
T2C10 Answer - D

• 97.109(a)
• Use of a handheld is an example of local
  control, because the control operator is directly
  manipulating the radios controls. See 97.3(30).

102
T2C11

• What type of control is used when the control
  operator is not at the station location but can
  still make changes to a transmitter?
• A. Local control
• B. Remote control
• C. Automatic control
• D. Uncontrolled

103
T2C11 Answer - B

• 97.3
• This is obvious if you think about it, just
  like your TV remote. See 97.3(38).

104
T2C12

• What is the definition of a control operator of
  an amateur station?
• A. Anyone who operates the controls of the
  station
• B. Anyone who is responsible for the station's
  equipment
• C. An operator designated by the licensee to be
  responsible for the station's transmissions to
  assure compliance with FCC rules
• D. The operator with the highest class of license
  who is in control of the station

105
T2C12 Answer - C

• 97.3(a)(12)(13)
• (12) Control operator. An amateur operator
  designated by the licensee of a station to be
  responsible for the transmissions from that
  station to assure compliance with the FCC Rules.
• (13) Control point. The location at which the
  control operator function is performed.
• NOTE The question pool gives the reference
  for the correct answer as 97.3(a)(13), so we
  have included it here. However, this is almost
  certainly an error and the better reference is
  97.3(a)(12).

106
Group T2D

• Group T2D covers rules for operating another
  person's station and guest operators at your
  station. It also covers third party
  communications. In addition, it covers
  miscellaneous rules regarding the use of an
  autopatch, incidental business use, compensation
  of amateur operators, club stations, station
  security, station inspection, and protection
  against unauthorized transmissions.

107
Guest Operator Who Is Responsible?

• Weve hinted at this before, but if you
  transmit from another hams station, that ham can
  designate you as the control operator, assuming
  you are qualified. So who is responsible for
  proper operation if you transmit from another
  amateur's station? Both of you are. Your friend
  is the station licensee, and you are the control
  operator. Both of you are responsible for
  insuring that the rules are followed! (See
  97.103(a))

108
Guest Operator Higher License Class

• Now suppose you invite your friend over who is
  an Extra class ham. Can your Extra friend
  operate your station as a control operator on
  Extra class frequencies? If your friend is the
  control operator, absolutely! Whenever a person
  with a higher license class is controlling your
  station, that person may use all the privileges
  allowed by the higher class license. (See
  97.105(b))

109
Guest Operator Lower Class License

• Now lets suppose you visit your Extra class
  friend, and your friend invites you to operate
  his or her station. What privileges can you use?
  According to the FCC, if you are the control
  operator of your Extra friends station, you can
  only use the privileges of your Technician
  license. (See 97.105(b))
• (One thing that wont be tested is worth
  pointing out. As long as your Extra class friend
  is the control operator, you may be invited by
  him or her to talk on the Extra class
  frequencies. You just cant be the control
  operator on those frequencies.)

110
Amateur Radio For Business No Can Do!

• One more time... you can do a lot with your ham
  radio. You can use it to call for emergency
  assistance, or use the phone patch to call home
  to say youre running late. The FCC has said
  that it wont get upset if you use the phone or
  autopatch to call for a taxi or pizza delivery.
  However, you absolutely cannot use amateur radio
  for conducting business! (See 97.113(a)(3))

111
Third Party Messages

• Hams have been delivering messages for others
  for years. In fact, the major U.S. amateur
  organization, the American Radio Relay League
  (ARRL) got its name from the fact that it was
  initially dedicated to relaying messages by
  radio. Even today, amateur radio is used to
  deliver third party communications, so you need
  to understand what it is. The FCC says third
  party communications is any message sent between
  two amateur stations for someone else. (See
  97.3(a)(46))

112
Club Station Calls

• You learned in Study Guide 1 that an amateur
  club can apply for a club call. However, for a
  club to qualify to have a club call, it must have
  at least four members. (See 97.5(b)(2))

113
Operating Amateur Radio On An Aircraft

• If you can do it, operating amateur radio
  onboard an aircraft is a great opportunity. When
  you are high above the ground, you can make
  contacts for miles, even on a simple handheld.
  But dont be too quick to whip out your handheld
  the next time you fly. The FCC says you must
  meet two very important conditions before you may
  operate your amateur station aboard an aircraft.
  First, you may operate only with the approval of
  the pilot in command, and second you may not use
  the aircraft's radio equipment. (See 97.11(a))
• It isnt likely youll get this kind of
  approval from any major commercial airline, but
  your pilot friend may OK it if safety is not an
  issue.

114
Station Inspections Any Time!

• Never forget that amateur radio is a highly
  regulated activity, and the FCC is allowed to
  inspect your station equipment and station
  records at any time upon request. (See
  97.103(c))

115
Unauthorized Station Use

• It should be obvious to you by now, but
  unlicensed persons in your family are not allowed
  to transmit on your amateur station if you are
  not there because they must be licensed before
  they are allowed to be control operators. (See
  97.109(b))
• (Of course, if you are present as the control
  operator, you can invite them to talk under your
  close supervision.)

116
Preventing Unauthorized Station Use

• Even so, young children and others may be
  tempted to play with your station equipment while
  you are away. It is always a good idea to take
  some action to prevent unauthorized persons from
  using your amateur station. One of the simplest
  ways to do this is to disconnect the power and
  microphone cables when not using your equipment.

117
Compensation One Exception

• There is one final quirky rule we need to see.
  The FCC does not allow anyone to receive pay or
  any other compensation for operating an amateur
  radio station with one exception. The control
  operator of a club station may accept
  compensation for sending information bulletins or
  Morse code practice when the station makes those
  transmissions for at least 40 hours per week.
  (See 97.113(d))
• As of this writing, the only station doing this
  is W1AW, the club station of the ARRL. Its
  employees have been doing this sort of thing for
  many years, so when it was pointed out that they
  were technically operating for pay, the FCC
  changed the rules.
• (By the way, teachers who are teaching amateur
  radio as an incidental part of their curriculum
  can still get paid under FCC rules when that
  instruction includes operating, but you wont be
  tested on that!)

118
Check-Up Time!

• Now lets try the questions from this group.
• You should make a note of any that you miss for
  later review.

119
T2D01

• Who is responsible for proper operation if you
  transmit from another amateur's station?
• A. Both of you
• B. Only the other station licensee
• C. Only you as the control operator
• D. Only the station licensee, unless the station
  records shows another control operator at the
  time

120
T2D01 Answer - A

• 97.103(a)
• (a) The control operator must ensure the
  immediate proper operation of the station,
  regardless of the type of control.
• (b) A station may only be operated in the manner
  and to the extent permitted by the privileges
  authorized for the class of operator license held
  by the control operator.
• The language of the rule cited does not clearly
  answer the question. However, you need to
  remember that when you operate another amateurs
  station, both you and the other amateur are
  equally responsible. This is also true if you
  allow another amateur to operate your station.

121
T2D02

• What operating privileges are allowed when
  another amateur holding a higher class license is
  controlling your station?
• A. All privileges allowed by the higher class
  license
• B. Only the privileges allowed by your license
• C. All the emission privileges of the higher
  class license, but only the frequency privileges
  of your license
• D. All the frequency privileges of the higher
  class license, but only the emission privileges
  of your license

122
T2D02 Answer - A

• 97.105(b)
• A station may only be operated in the manner and
  to the extent permitted by the privileges
  authorized for the class of operator license held
  by the control operator.
• The control operator does not have to be the
  owner of the station. It is the one who is
  controlling the station.

123
T2D03

• What operating privileges are allowed when you
  are the control operator at the station of
  another amateur who has a higher class license
  than yours?
• A. Any privileges allowed by the higher class
  license
• B. Only the privileges allowed by your license
• C. All the emission privileges of the higher
  class license, but only the frequency privileges
  of your license
• D. All the frequency privileges of the higher
  class license, but only the emission privileges
  of your license

124
T2D03 Answer B

• 97.105(b)
• A station may only be operated in the manner and
  to the extent permitted by the privileges
  authorized for the class of operator license held
  by the control operator.
• This is the opposite of the last question. An
  amateur who is the control operator may not
  operate outside of the privileges of the license
  he or she holds.

125
T2D04

• Which of the following is a prohibited amateur
  radio transmission?
• A. Using amateur radio to seek emergency
  assistance
• B. Using amateur radio for conducting business
• C. Using an amateur phone patch to call for a
  taxi or food delivery
• D. Using an amateur phone patch to call home to
  say you are running late

126
T2D04 Answer - B

• 97.113(a)(3)
• No amateur station shall transmit
• (3) Communications in which the station licensee
  or control operator has a pecuniary interest,
  including communications on behalf of an
  employer...
• Note that pecuniary interest means a monetary
  or commercial interest. You cant use amateur
  radio to assist in earning money.

127
T2D05

• What is the definition of third-party
  communications?
• A. A message sent between two amateur stations
  for someone else
• B. Public service communications for a political
  party
• C. Any messages sent by amateur stations
• D. A three-minute transmission to another amateur

128
T2D05 Answer - A

• 97.3(a)(46)
• Third-party communications. A message from the
  control operator (first party) of an amateur
  station to another amateur station control
  operator (second party) on behalf of another
  person (third party).

129
T2D06

• How many persons are required to be members of a
  club for a club station license to be issued by
  the FCC?
• A. At least 5
• B. At least 4
• C. A trustee and 2 officers
• D. At least 2

130
T2D06 Answer - B

• 97.5(b)(2)
• A club station license grant. A club station
  license grant may be held only by the person who
  is the license trustee designated by an officer
  of the club. The trustee must be a person who
  holds an Amateur Extra, Advanced, General,
  Technician Plus, or Technician operator license
  grant. The club must be composed of at least four
  persons and must have a name, a document of
  organization, management, and a primary purpose
  devoted to amateur service activities consistent
  with this part.

131
T2D07

• When may you operate your amateur station aboard
  an aircraft?
• A. At any time
• B. Only while the aircraft is on the ground
• C. Only with the approval of the pilot in command
  and not using the aircraft's radio equipment
• D. Only when you have written permission from the
  airline and only using the aircraft's radio
  equipment

132
T2D07 Answer - C

• 97.11(a)
• The installation and operation of an amateur
  station on a ship or aircraft must be approved by
  the master of the ship or pilot in command of the
  aircraft.
• Subsection (b) makes it clear that the
  aircrafts equipment must not be a part of the
  amateur station equipment.

133
T2D08

• When is the FCC allowed to inspect your station
  equipment and station records?
• A. Only on weekends
• B. At any time upon request
• C. Never
• D. Only during daylight hours

134
T2D08 Answer - B

• 97.103(c)
• The station licensee must make the station and
  the station records available for inspection upon
  request by an FCC representative. When deemed
  necessary by an EIC to assure compliance with FCC
  Rules, the station licensee must maintain a
  record of station operations containing such
  items of information as the EIC may require in
  accord with 0.314(x) of the FCC Rules.

135
T2D09

• How might you best keep unauthorized persons
  from using your amateur station?
• A. Disconnect the power and microphone cables
  when not using your equipment
• B. Connect a dummy load to the antenna
• C. Put a "Danger - High Voltage" sign in the
  station
• D. Put fuses in the main power line

136
T2D09 Answer - A

• The simplest way to avoid anyone else using
  your equipment while you are not around is to
  remove the power cable so it cannot be powered
  up, and the microphone so that even if it is
  powered up, it cannot be used.

137
T2D10

• Why are unlicensed persons in your family not
  allowed to transmit on your amateur station if
  you are not there?
• A. They must not use your equipment without your
  permission
• B. They must be licensed before they are allowed
  to be control operators
• C. They must know how to use proper procedures
  and Q signals
• D. They must know the right frequencies and
  emissions for transmitting

138
T2D10 Answer - B

• 97.109(b)
• When a station is being locally controlled, the
  control operator must be at the control point...
• Only a licensed amateur may serve as a control
  operator. An unlicensed person may communicate
  only under the direct supervision of a control
  operator.

139
T2D11

• When is it permissible for the control operator
  of a club station to accept compensation for
  sending information bulletins or Morse code
  practice?
• A. When compensation is paid from a non-profit
  organization
• B. When the club station license is held by a
  non-profit organization
• C. Anytime compensation is needed
• D. When the station makes those transmissions for
  at least 40 hours per week

140
T2D11 Answer - D

• 97.113(d)
• The control operator of a club station may
  accept compensation for the periods of time when
  the station is transmitting telegraphy practice
  or information bulletins, provided that the
  station transmits such telegraphy practice and
  bulletins for at least 40 hours per week
  schedules operations on at least six amateur
  service MF and HF bands using reasonable measures
  to maximize coverage where the schedule of
  normal operating times and frequencies is
  published at least 30 days in advance of the
  actual transmissions and where the control
  operator does not accept any direct or indirect
  compensation for any other service as a control
  operator.
• This is the rule exception that allows the ARRL
  to transmit code practice via W1AW using a paid
  employee.

141
Two Down, Eight to Go!

• This concludes Study Guide 2.
• Once you are satisfied that you can answer 80 of
  the questions in this Sub-element, you are ready
  to move on to Study Guide 3.