Seamless QoS Guarantees with SARAH in Mobile Networks

1
Seamless QoS Guarantees with SARAH in Mobile
Networks
ICE600 Computer Networks
(Testbed Buildup and S/W Installation)
Kyounghee Lee leekhe_at_icu.ac.kr Information and
Communications University

• February 24, 2006

2
Contents

• Introduction
• Preliminaries
• Proposed Approach
• Implementation
• Simulation Study
• Application
• Conclusions

3
Introduction

• Preliminaries
• Research Concerns
• Motivation

4
Preliminaries

• Need for QoS guarantees in mobile Internet
• To provide various realtime multimedia services
  to mobile users
• Voice over IP, Video on Demand, Internet
  broadcasting, etc.
• Multimedia stream characteristics
• Broadband
• Error-sensitive
• Intolerant to transmission delay and jitter
  variance
• Limitations on QoS guarantees in mobile Internet
• Poor communication characteristics in wireless
  links
• Service instability due to host mobility
• Handoff latency
• Traffic redirection overhead

5
Preliminaries (Contd)

• Two popular QoS models in wired Internet
• Integrated Services (IntServ) architecture
• Strict end-to-end QoS guarantees based on
  per-flow resource reservation
• Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP)
• Generally deployed at access networks
• Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architecture
• Class of Service (CoS) concept
• Less scalability concerns due to traffic
  aggregation
• Appropriate for core networks
• ? How to adapt IntServ to properly support host
  mobility at access networks?

6
Research Concerns

• Well-known issues with RSVP in Mobile IP networks
• Mobile IP tunneling issue
• RSVP message invisibility problem
• Triangle routing problem
• Reservation path invalidation issue
• Advance resource reservation scheme
• Widely used solution for both two mobility issues
• Proactively reserves resources at the locations
  where a MH may visit
• Limitations in current status
• Indiscriminate/excessive advance reservations ?
  resource inefficiency and signaling overhead
• Considerable modifications are required in
  current Internet
• to reduce excessive advance reservations

7
Motivation

• Seamless QoS guarantees for mobile multimedia
  services
• Provides seamless end-to-end QoS to mobile users
• Service quality enhancements
• Accommodation of realtime multimedia applications
• RSVP adaptation to mobile access networks
• To appropriately address both Mobile IP tunneling
  and reservation path invalidation problems
• To reduce overhead for excessive advance
  reservations
• To be a transparent approach to existing Internet
  environment (less modifications and additions)

8
SARAH Approach

• Overview
• SARAH Procedures
• Features

9
Overview

• Selective Advance Reservations and Resource-aware
  Handoff Direction (SARAH)
• Three major steps in SARAH
• Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP) establishment
• Movement prediction using link layer (L2)
  functionalities
• Resource-aware handoff direction
• Extension of Reservation Path (ERP) process
• PRP activation
• Traffic forwarding
• Optimization for extended Reservation Path (ORP)
  process
• Adjustment of reservation path to shortest
  routing path
• (using unicast or multicast IP address)
• Termination of useless PRPs

10
Overview (Contd)
1. PRP establishment
2. ERP after handoff
3. ORP
(2)
(1)
(3)
MH
MH
MH
Inactivated Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP)
Existing RSVP Session (1), Activated PRP
(2), Optimized Reservation Path
Traffic forwarding
11
SARAH Procedures

• PRP establishment (before a handoff)

3.PRP_inform
PRP
4.RSVP path 5.RSVP resv
2.PRP_init
PRP_init_ack
1.L2 beacon
MH
MH
(a)
(b)
Original RSVP session
Inactivated PRP
SARAH RSVP control flow
12
SARAH Procedures (Contd)

• ERP process (after a handoff)

Activated PRP
PRP
1.PRP_activate
MH
MH
(a)
(b)
Original RSVP session Activated PRP
Inactivated PRP
Traffic forwarding
SARAH RSVP control flow
13
SARAH Procedures (Contd)

• ORP process using unicast IP address

• Establishes a new RSVP session and replaces the
  original one
• When the network does not support IP multicast
• When incoming MH already participates in unicast
  RSVP session

14
SARAH Procedures (Contd)

• ORP process using multicast IP address

• Joins the existing multicast RSVP session
• Better network utilization
• Less reservation requirement

15
Features

• Pseudo reservation
• Advance reservation in SARAH
• Advantages
• Established between two neighboring base stations
  (BSs)
• ? shortens the average length of advance
  reservation path
• Established and managed in the same way as a
  normal RSVP session ? no additional RSVP
  messages, transparent to intermediate routers
• Inactive resources can be shared with best-effort
  traffic by
• scheduling policy
• Traffic blocking at BSs enables pseudo
  reservations to be inactive
• PRP activation is performed by traffic forwarding
  at BSs
• Requires no modification at intermediate routers

16
Features (Contd)

• Initial RSVP setup to escape Mobile IP tunneling

4.Path (2) resv
3.resv
2.path
3.resv-err BU (CoA BS)
BS
BS
1.RSVP_init (Tspec)
2.RSVP_init (Tspec, Rspec)
1.path (1)
(a) MH is a sender
(b) MH is a receiver
17
Features (Contd)

• Host movement detection scheme
• Detects L2 beacon frames from multiple reachable
  BSs
• (assuming underlying networks such as IEEE
  802.11)
• Control messages
• PRP_init notification of movement
• PRP_inform initiation of PRP establishment
• Neighbor mapping table in each BS
• Reduces the number of pseudo reservation paths
  (PRPs)

3. PRP_inform
cBS
nBS
cBS Current BS nBS New BS
2. PRP_init
1. L2 beacon
MH
18
Features (Contd)

• Neighbor mapping table
• Binding between neighboring BSs MAC address and
  IP address
• Referred for host movement detection
• Example of a neighbor mapping table

R Support for RSVP S Support for SARAH
19
Features (Contd)

• Resource-aware handoff direction scheme
• MH chooses its next BS by signal strength of
  L2 beacon frames
• 
  resource availability

Beacon_A
Beacon_B
Move
(2)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(1) CRP_init (BS_A, BS_B) (2), (3) CRP_inform,
RSVP path, RSVP
resv (4) CRP_init_ack (BS_A or BS_B) or
CRP_init_rej
Beacon_A Beacon_B
20
Implementation

• System Architecture
• Testbed Configuration
• MPEG Video Streaming Service

21
System Architecture

• Overall framework of SARAH

CH
Application
SARAH Adaptation Module
BS
Mobile IP adaptation
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
RSVP
Neighbor BS
SARAH BS Demon
RSVP
Mobile IP
MH
Application
SARAH Adaptation Module
Data flow
Control flow
IEEE 802.11
Mobile IP
TCP/UDP
22
Testbed Configuration
CH
RSVP
HA
SAM
NIC (IEEE 802.3) NIC
(IEEE 802.11b) Hub RSVP
session
R
Subnet B (wired)
Subnet A (Wired)
BS1
Traffic scheduler
RSVP
SBD
BS2
Mobile IP
Subnet D (Wireless)
Subnet C (Wireless)
MH
OS Linux ker 2.2.12 2.2.14 Mobile IP HUT
Dynamics 0.8.1 DynMIP RSVP ISI release 4.2a4
ISIRSVP Scheduling ALTQ 3.0 ALTQ
SAM
Mobile IP
23
MPEG Video Streaming Service

• Service Scenarios
• On aforementioned testbed
• Background traffic generation
• MGEN tool MGEN
• Maximum throughput of wired
• network 9.3 Mbps
• Wired subnet A non-congested
• Wired subnet B congested
• 8.1 Mbps background traffic
• 1.6 Mbps video traffic
• (IP and UDP headers 14)
• Movement of MH
• Subnet 1 ? subnet 2

CH
R
Background traffic
Video stream
BS1
BS2
move
Subnet 1
Subnet 2
24
Testbed Buildup

• Outline
• ISI RSVP Installation
• Dynamics Mobile IP Installation
• SARAH Installation

25
Outline

• Configuration of experimental testbed
• Build testbed frame
• Connection of PCs, H/W equipment
• OS installation
• Linux (RedHat recommended)
• Network configuration
• IP subneting, IP masquerading
• Wireless LAN devices

26
Outline (Contd)

• RSVP installation
• ISI distribution
• http//www.isi.edu/div7/rsvp/rsvp.html
• Latest rel4.2a4-1
• Patch for Linux OS
• Traffic scheduler setting (router)
• Kernel recompile
• Test of RSVP operation (RTAP or RSVP demon debug
  mode)
• Traffic generation tool (MGEN)
• http//pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/mgen

27
Outline (Contd)

• Mobile IP installation
• Dynamics Mobile IPv4
• http//dynamics.sourceforge.net
• Stable version 0.8.1
• Test of Mobile IP operation (DynTool)
• SARAH installation
• SARAH BS Demon (SBD) base station
• SARAH Test Application mobile host,
  correspondent host

28
Outline (Contd)

• MPEG streaming application
• Installation of video server
• Video client
• MpegTV player
• http//www.mpegtv.com
• MPEG streaming test
• Network congestion
• Host handoff

29
ISI RSVP Installation

• Base station, correspondent host
• Source code patch for Linux OS
• Compile
• Source code modification
• Makefile configuration
• Router
• Linux kernel options modules
• Traffic scheduler
• Class-based Queue (CBQ)
• Iproute2 S/W installation (if needed)
• Patch for Linux OS
• Compile
• Source code modification
• Makefile configuration
• CBQ configuration

30
ISI RSVP Installation (Contd)

• Source code extraction patch
• Source code modification

root_at_LinuxServer / cd /usr/src/ root_at_LinuxServ
er/usr/src cp rsvpd.rel4.2a4-1.tar.gz
./rsvp root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src cp
linux-tc.tar.gz ./rsvp root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src
cp rsvp.patch.txt ./rsvp root_at_LinuxServer/usr/s
rc cd ./rsvp root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/
tar xvzf rsvpd.rel4.2a4-1.tar.gz root_at_LinuxServer
/usr/src/rsvp/ tar xvzf linux-tc.tar.gz root_at_Li
nuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/ patch p0
rsvp.patch.txt root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/
cd rel4.2a4/rsvpd
root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd
vi rsvp_specs.c Line 1189 return (log(x)) ?
return (2.303log10(x))
31
ISI RSVP Installation (Contd)

• Makefile configuration

XXX Changing defines is not visible to the
dependency rules do a "make clean" if you
change one! DEFINES -DDEBUG -DSCHEDULE
-DRTAP -DSECURITY -DSTATS -DRSVP_DIAG \        
-DAPI_USE_NET_BO -DISI_TEST \        
-DISI_FLOW_LABEL -DNO_IPV6 Select Traffic
Control adaptation module object Linux end
host TCOBJS tc_test.o rsvp_LLkern.o Linux
traffic control TCOBJS tc_cbq.o tc_filter.o
tc_linux.o tc_qdisc.o rsvp_LLkern.o ALTQ
adaptation module(s) TCOBJS tc_cbq.o
tc_cbqinit.o tc_cbqatm.o rsvp_LLkern.o
32
RSVP Installation (Contd)

• Compilation
• CBQ configuration in Linux

root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd
make depend root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a
4/rspvd make
root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/ cp cbqinit.eth2
./rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/ root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/
cd rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/ root_at_LinuxServer/usr/sr
c/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/ vi cbqinit.eth2 root_at_Lin
uxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/ chmod x
cbqinit.eth2 root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2
a4/rsvpd/ cbqinit.eth2
33
RSVP Installation (Contd)

• RSVP execution test
• Rspeccl max packet arrival, token bucket
  size, token bucket rate, minimum policed unit,
  max packet size
• Rspecgs service rate, slack term, max packet
  arrival, token bucket size, token bucket rate,
  minimum policed unit, max packet size

root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd
./rsvpd D T1 dest udp 192.168.1.2/6000 ?
(S) T1 dest udp 192.168.1.2/6000 ? (D) T1
sender 102.168.0.3/5000 t 600k 500k 1M 50 1500
? (S) T1 reserve wf cl 600k 500k 1M 50 1500 ?
(D, controlled load) T1 close (both) T1
reserve wf g 700k 0 600k 500k 1M 50 1500 ? (D,
guaranteed service)
34
RSVP Installation (Contd)

• Traffic generation

root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen vi sender.script
? (S) PORT 5000 00000 1 ON  203.253.50.1006000
PERIODIC 500 1250 RSVP t 7000000 10000 1250000
50 1500 10000 2 ON 203.253.50.1006001
PERIODIC 600 1250 20000 1 OFF 20000 2 OFF
root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen vi
receiver.script ? (R) PORT 6000-6009 03000
RESV 203.253.50.1006000 WF gx 700000 0 700000
10000 1250000 50 1500 root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src
/mgen ./mgen input sender.script ?
(S) root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen ./drec input
recievr.script output out.log ?
(R) root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen vi out.log ?
(R)
35
Dynamics MIPv4 Installation

• Binary distribution
• Home agent, foreign agent, mobile host demons
• Development libraries and header files
• Source code distribution
• Source code compilation
• System configuration
• Make
• Configuration file setting
• dynhad.conf, dynfad.conf, dynmnd.conf
• Host mobility support test
• Mobility management dynmn_tool
• Provides useful information for mobile networks
• Enables to force a handoff
• Handoff latency measurement

36
Dynamics MIPv4 Installation (Contd)

• Source code extraction compilation
• Configuration file setting

root_at_LinuxServer / cd /usr/src/ root_at_LinuxServ
er/usr/src cp dynamics-0.8.1.tar.gz
./ root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src tar xvzf
dynamics-0.8.1.tar.gz root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src
cd dynamics-0.8.1 root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/dynami
cs-0.8.1 ./configure root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/d
ynamics-0.8.1 make root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/dyn
amics-0.8.1 make install
root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/ha
vi dynhad.conf ? HA root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/dyn
amics-0.8.1/src/fa vi dynfad.conf ?
FA root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/mn
vi dynmnd.conf ? MH Copy all configuration
files into /etc directory before execution
37
Dynamics MIPv4 Installation (Contd)

• Execution
• Handoff test

root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/ha
modprobe ipip ./dynhad ? HA root_at_LinuxServer/us
r/src/dynamics-0.8.1/fa modprobe ipip
./dynfad ? FA root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-
0.8.1/mn ./dynmnd ? MN

• root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/mn
  ./dynmn_tool ? MN
• Command
• status shows the current link and network
  status
• list shows the list of reachable FAs
• force fa_addr forces a handoff to the
  designated FA
• careof shows the current acre-of-address of the
  MH
• Please check the manual for more information

38
SARAH Installation

• SARAH BS demon - source code extraction
  compilation
• Configuration file setting
• ? sarahd.conf

root_at_LinuxServer / cd /usr/src/ root_at_LinuxServ
er/usr/src cp sarah_v0.21.tar.gz
./ root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src tar xvzf
sarah_v0.21.tar.gz root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src cd
sarah_v0.21/sarahd root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah
_v0.21/sarahd vi sarahd.conf root_at_LinuxServer/u
sr/src/sarah_v0.21/sarahd make You will get
sarahd execution file
39
SARAH Installation (Contd)

• Test application - source code compilation
• Source file configuration
• ch_test_server.c, ch_test_client.c
• mh_test_server.c, mh_test_client.c
• mh_stream_client.c

root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src cd sarah_v0.21/test r
oot_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test vi
ch_test_server.c root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v
0.21/test vi ch_test_server.c root_at_LinuxServer/
usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test vi mh_test_cllient.c r
oot_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test vi
mh_stream_client.c root_at_LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah
_v0.21/test vi mh_stream_client.c root_at_LinuxSer
ver/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1 make You will get
ch_test_server, ch_test_client,
mh_test_server, mh_test_client and
mh_stream_lient execution files
40
SARAH Installation (Contd)

• Video client - MPEG TV
• Latest version
• http//www.mpegtv.com
• Get full source codes or binary files
• SARAH execution
• Run sarahd at each BS
• File transmission test
• Run mh_test_client at MH
• Run ch_test_server at CH
• MPEG streaming test
• Open MPEG TV player at MH (with UDP streaming
  mode)
• Run mh_stream_client at MH
• Run ch_test_server at CH

41
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• MpegTV The Mpeg TV Player, available at
  http//www.mpegtv.com.
• NS2 The Network simulator NS-2, available
  at http//www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns.
• ORINOCO MPL/GPL drivers for the WaveLAN
  IEEE/Orinoco and others, available at
  http//www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Lin
  ux/Orinoco.html.
• Pasklis01 S. Pasklis, A. Kaloxylos and E.
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• Perkins96 C. E. Perkins, IP Mobility Support,
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• Perkins99 C. E. Perkins, Route Optimization in
  mobile IP, Internet Draft on IETF, Feb. 1999.
• Postel81 J. Postel, Internet Protocol, STD 5,
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References (Contd)

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• Terzis00 A. Terzis, J. Krawczyk, J. Wroclawski
  and L. Zhang, RSVP operation over IP tunnels,
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45
Appendix 1.

• Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP)

resv
resv
path
Receiver2
path
Sender
Sender (port) Receiver (port)
Tspec phop
path
resv
Sender (port) Receiver (port)
Flowspec phop
Tspec traffic spec requested by sender Flowspec
reservation requirements to routers phop
previous hop
Receiver1

• RFC 2205 on IETF
• Signaling protocol for resource reservation in
  IntServ networks
• Resources are reserved along a fixed path in the
  reverse direction that a path message has been
  delivered (receiver-initiated approach)

46
Appendix 2.

• RSVP message invisibility

• Protocol ID 46 (RSVP)
• RSVP signal messages are encapsulated within an
  IP-in-IP tunnel
• Intermediate routers cannot reserve the requested
  resources

MH mobile host HA home agent FA foreign agent
47
Appendix 3.

• Triangle routing problem

FA
IP tunnel

• RSVP resv messages should be directed to pass an
  IP tunnel
• Modifications required to RSVP
• Inefficiency in resource consumptions due to
  non-optimal routing path

2.resv
MH
HA
an optimal routing path
1.path
CH
48
Appendix 4.

• Reservation path invalidation

cannot guarantee requested QoS!
R
R
R
R
move
Wireless cell A
Wireless cell B
Wireless cell A
Wireless cell B
Traffic routing path Reserved path
BS Base station
49
Appendix 5.

• Advance reservation-based approaches
• Proactively reserves resources at all neighbor
  locations
• MRSVP Talukdar99,01, RSVP path extension
  Mahadevan98,00, Dynamic resource sharing
  Mahmoodian99, Multicast-based approach
  Chen00, HMRSVP Tseng03, IARSVP Wang05
• Excessive reservation requirements for advance
  reservations (several times higher than active
  reservation)

50
Appendix 6.

• Cross-layer interaction

CST cell switching threshold CSP cell searching
point SNR signal-to-noise ratio
51
Appendix 7.

• General format of SARAH messages

SARAH common header
SARAH message contents
IP header
UDP header
0
8
16
24
31
A
R
S
M
Message type
Reserved
Sequence number
Message length
Information object content (if any)
A acknowledgement R result S service type M
MHs role (sender or receiver)
Common header
52
Appendix 8.

• Types of control messages

53
Appendix 9.

• Handoff latency in Mobile IP and SARAH

Active scan First L2 beacon
Mobile IP registration request
Mobile IP Handoff completion
Need for new association
Handoff latency in L2 and L3 (TH)
PRP activation forwarding
Mobile IP solicitation advertising
Mobile IP registration time
Passing through overlapped area
( ? 11)
( ? 0)
( ? 36)
( ? 0)
Time (ms)
0
L2 roaming ( ? 0, trivial)
PRP establishment
( ? 22)
54
Appendix 10.

• Latency for ERP/ORP process

(a) ERP latency
L2 roaming Mobile IP handoff
ERP process completion
New RSVP session establishment
Time (ms)
112
141
0
123
ORP start
ORP delay (9 ms)
ERP data forwarding
Total ORP processing time
(b) ORP latency
Time (ms)
316
307
0
55
Appendix 11.

• Average data transmission rates
• 250 kbytes (2 Mbps) reserved
• 250 data packets per sec, each packet 1024 bytes
• Link capacity 9.3 (wired) vs. 4.7 (wireless)
  Mbps
• ? 9 Mbps background traffic

56
Appendix 12.

• ERP performance with distance between CH and MH
• Comparison between SARAH and RSVP re-establishment

57
Appendix 13.

• ORP performance with distance between CH and MH
• ORP delay 9 ms (2 hops) ? 13 ms (7 hops)
• Negligible for multimedia streaming

58
Appendix 14.
Video Server (CH)

• MPEG streaming service framework

Service Req/Ack
MPEG-1 Stream Server
MPEG-1 stream
Control flow
SARAH Adaptation Module
BS
UDP
UDP
Route Optimization Emulator
Neighbor BS
RSVP
SARAH BS Demon
Client (MH)
Mobile IP
Route Optimization Emulator
MPEG-1 Player MpegTV
Client Assistant
RSVP
SARAH Adaptation Module
IEEE 802.11b
Mobile IP
UDP
Mobile IP Registration
Binding Update Ack (emulation)
59
Appendix 15.

• Control message flow for MPEG streaming service
• Before a handoff

60
Appendix 15. (Contd)

• Control message flow for MPEG streaming service
  (contd)
• After a handoff

61
Appendix 16.

• MPEG video streaming rate variation
• Background traffic in Subnet D
• Handoff arises from Subnet C to Subnet D
  (congested)

Data rate (Mbps)
Time (sec)
62
Appendix 17.

• Comparison of video streaming rate variations
• Route optimization scheme is emulated for RSVP
  state restoration
• QoS disruption with RSVP 12 sec (RSVP refresh
  interval 30 sec)

Data rate (Mbps)
handoff
Time (sec)
63
Appendix 18.

• Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of MPEG stream
• Average PSNR variation after a handoff
• SARAH with RSVP 69.1 dB ? 68.6 dB
• RSVP with route optimization 69.6 dB ? 48.85 dB

handoff
handoff
(a) SARAH with RSVP
(b) RSVP with route optimization
PSNR 78.13 dB no quality loss in video frame
64
Appendix 19.

• RSVP-DiffServ Translation

Resource reservation
Access network (IntServ region)
Resource reservation
Access network (IntServ region)
Backbone network (DiffServ region)
ER/TR
ER/TR
Receiver
Sender
Setting forwarding class
ER/TR Edge router/IntServ-DiffServ translator
Resource reservation setup
Data packets

• RFC 2998 on IETF
• Less scalability concerns in backbone network
• Per-flow end-to-end QoS for end hosts
• ? Host mobility should be supported in access
  networks