Step Three: Parenthetical Internal Documentation

1
Step ThreeParenthetical(Internal)Documentation
2
What is parenthetical documentation?

• Documentation within your research paper.
• You will document within parentheses, as the
  name parenthetical determines.
• It is just as important as the initial
  documentation of the source on your Works Cited
  page.
• Failure to use it can result in PLAGIARISM!

3
Why do you need parenthetical documentation?

• Allows the reader to determine the source
  information for each of your quotations,
  paraphrases, and summaries in your presentation
  from your Works Cited page.
• You MUST use parenthetical documentation for each
  bit of information you borrow from a source.

4
What is a quotation?

• This is information that you take WORD FOR WORD
  out of a source.
• You should try to put the information into your
  own words, but when you feel you must take the
  information directly from the source, you must
  put the borrowed words in quotation marks.

5
What is paraphrasing?

• Paraphrasing means to put something written or
  spoken into different words while retaining the
  same meaning.
• Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the
  original passage.
• This is probably the most common way you will
  take information from your sources and use it.
• Rememberyou are REWORDING what the author has
  written.

6
What is a summary?

• A summary is usually a single statement covering
  the main points, or main ideas, of a source.
• Summaries are significantly shorter than the
  original and take a broad overview of the source
  material.

7
EXAMPLES

• The original passage

Students frequently overuse direct quotations in
taking notes, and as a result they overuse
quotations in the research paper. Probably only
about 10 of your final draft should appear as
directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should
strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing
of source materials while taking notes. Lester,
James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed.
Chicago Time Life Books, 1976. 46-47.
8
Using a Direct Quote

• Many students feel as though using as many direct
  quotes in their research papers that they want to
  is acceptable, when probably only about 10 of
  your final draft should appear as directly quoted
  matter (Lester 46-47).

9
A Legitimate Paraphrase

• In research papers students often quote
  excessively, failing to keep quoted material down
  to a desirable level. Since the problem usually
  originates during notetaking, it is essential to
  minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester
  46-47).

10
An Acceptable Summary

• Students should take just a few notes in direct
  quotation from sources to help minimize the
  amount of quoted material in a research paper
  (Lester 46-47).

11
When do you use parenthetical documentation?

• Anytime you use a direct quote.
• As soon as you borrow information from one of
  your sources, you must document that source at
  the end of the sentence.
• You do not need to document again until you
  either
• Change page numbers within that same source.
• Change sources.

12
There are several ways to parenthetically
document a source.You should find the notecard
with your complete MLA documentation for the
source you have used and use that information for
your parenthetical documentation.
13
1) Cite the authors last name and the page
number of the source in parenthesis.

• When you use information from one of your
  sources, whether you quote it directly or
  paraphrase it, you must give credit where credit
  is due (Gorden 27).
• NOTICE
• Close the quotation, but do not put the period.
• The authors last name is capitalized.
• There is a space between the last name and the
  page number.
• There is no p. or pg. before the page number is
  given.
• The period comes AFTER the documentation.

14
2) If you use the authors last name in your
sentence, place only the page number(s) of the
source in parenthesis.

• As Gorden explains, Use commas to set off the
  explanatory words that precede or follow a direct
  quotation (27).
• NOTICE
• Close the quotation, but do not put the period.
• There is no p. or pg. before the page number is
  given.
• The period comes AFTER the documentation.

15
3) If the authors name is not given for a
source, then use the first word of the title.

• In the nineteenth century, the golden age of
  America, the colleges and universities were
  overcome with unprepared students (Guidelines
  7).
• NOTICE
• There is no p. or pg. before the page number is
  given.
• The period comes AFTER the documentation.
• The word Guidelines is in quotation marks
  because it appears that way on the notecard.

16
4) If the source you are citing has two authors,
give the last name of each author and separate
them with the word and.

• The Yukon is viewed as a place where only the
  fittest can survive (Smith and Wesson 72).

5) If there are three or more authors, use the
first authors last name and the letters et. al.
meaning and others.

• Many people feel as though global warming is a
  problem they will not have to deal with during
  their lifetime (Smith et. al. 72).

17
6) If you cite the same source more than once in
a paragraph, you give only the page number after
the first citation.

• Although some medical ethicists claim that
  cloning will lead to designer children, others
  note that the advantages for medical research
  outweigh this consideration (Miller 46). These
  ethicists feel as though this method will help
  develop superior athletes (48).
• NOTICE
• The authors last name is capitalized.
• There is a space between the last name and the
  page number.
• There is no p. or pg. before the page number is
  given.
• The period comes AFTER the documentation.

18
Special Circumstances

• If an online source does not have a page number,
  you WILL NOT include it in the parenthetical
  documentation only give the authors last name
  or the first word(s) of the title.
• EXAMPLE The chimpanzee can lift up to five
  times its weight (Morris).
• EXAMPLE The Golden Gate Bridge spans the width
  of San Francisco Bay (Golden).

19
More Special Circumstances

• If you have more than one source that does not
  have an author and begins with the same word in
  the title, you will use as many words from the
  source as you need to make it different from all
  of the others.
• EXAMPLE MLA DOCUMENTATION
• Pele. Discovering Biography (1997). Student
  Resource Center. Gale Group. 2 April 2003
  .
• Pele. Encyclopedia Brittanica Online. 4 April
  2003 .
• PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION
• (Pele Discovering).
• (Pele Encyclopedia).