The needs for protection of frequencies used for passive sensing in meteorology, climatology and env

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WMO Commission for Basic Systems
The needs for protection of frequencies used for
passive sensing in meteorology, climatology and
environmental studies
Hans Richner Steering Group Radiofrequency
Coordination (SG RFC)
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Requirements of the meteorological community for
radiofrequency spectrum
basically for three purposes
1. telecommunication data collection data
dissemination telemetry
2. active remote sensing
3. passive remote sensing
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1. telecommunication, data collection, data
dissemination, telemetry radiosondes satellite
s DCPs
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2. active remote sensing radar wind
profiler satellite
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3. passive remote sensing space based ground
based
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requirements of the meteorological community for
radiofrequency spectrum listed by major
systems - radiosondes - meteorological
radar - windprofiler - meteorological
satellites control and housekeeping
passive sensing active sensing - DCPs - gene
ral telecommunication
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MSG (Meteosat-8) Color composite image of Red
(NIR 1.6), Green (VIS 0.8), and Blue (VIS 0.6)
taken on 12 February 2003 (1345 UTC).
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O2 absorption spectrum
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for SG RFC Hans Richner, IACETH, Zurich
major future threats
introduction of numerous ultra-wideband systems
UWS (spread spectrum technique) -- serious threat
for passive sensing
persistent pressure on bands used for
radiosounding
exploding numbers of cell phones, introduction of
UMTS, wireless LANs, microwave-based collision
warning systems ...
two years ago
WMO CBS ICT ISS Meeting, September 9 to 13, 2002,
Geneva
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principle of UWB (Ultra Wide Band) systems
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water vapor absorption around 24 GHz
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water vapor mixing ratio as seen by NOAA satellite
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ASMUWARA, the All-Sky MUlti WAvelength RAdiometer
Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bern
(IAP)
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Frequency bands and bandwidths used for
satellite passive sensing (1) Frequency
BW (GHz) (MHz) main measurements 1.4 -
1.427 100 soil moisture, salinity, ocean surface
temperature, vegetation index 2.69 -
2.70 60 salinity, soil moisture 4.2 -
4.4 200 ocean surface temperature 6.7 -
7.1 400 ocean surface temperature (no
allocation) 10.6 - 10.7 100 rain, snow, ice,
sea state, ocean wind, ocean surface
temperature, soil moisture 15.35 -
15.40 200 water vapour, rain 18.6 -
18.8 200 rain, sea state, ocean ice, water
vapour, snow 21.2 - 21.4 200 water vapour,
cloud liquid water 22.21 - 22.50 300 water
vapour, cloud liquid water 23.6 -
24.0 400 water vapour, cloud liquid water 31.3
- 31.8 500 window channel associated to
temperature measurements 36 - 37 1000 rain,
snow, ocean ice, water vapour, cloud liquid
water, ocean wind, soil moisture
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Frequency bands and bandwidths used for
satellite passive sensing (2) Frequency
BW (GHz) (MHz) main measurements 50.2 -
50.4 200 O2 (temperature profiling) 52.6 -
59.3 6700 O2 (temperature profiling) 86 -
92 6000 Clouds, ice, snow, rain 100 -
102 2000 N2O 109.5 - 111.8 2300 O3 114.25 -
122.25 8000 O2 (temperature profiling),
CO 148.5 - 151.5 3000 window channel 155.5 -
158.5 3000 window channel (to be terminated on 1
January 2018) 164 - 167 3000 window
channel 174.8 - 191.8 17000 H2O (moisture
profiling), N2O, O3 200 - 209 9000 H2O, O3,
N2O 226 - 232 6000 clouds, CO 235 -
238 3000 O3 250 252 2000 N2O 275
277 2000 N2O
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Frequency bands and bandwidths used for
satellite passive sensing (3) Frequency
BW (GHz) (MHz) Main measurements 294
306 12000 N2O, O3, O2, HNO3, HOCl 316
334 10000 water vapour profiling, O3, HOCl 342
349 7000 CO, HNO3, CH3Cl, O3, O2, HOCl,
H2O 363 365 2000 O3 371 389 18000 water
vapour profiling 416 434 18000 temperature
profiling 442 444 2000 water vapour 486
506 9000 O3, CH3Cl, N2O, BrO, ClO 546
568 22000 temperature profiling 624
629 5000 BrO, O3, HCl, SO2, H2O2, HOCl,
HNO3 634 654 20000 CH3Cl, HOCl, ClO, H2O,
N2O, BrO, O3, HO2, HNO3 659
661 2000 BrO 684 692 8000 ClO, CO,
CH3Cl 730 732 2000 O2, HNO3 851
853 2000 NO 951 956 5000 O2, NO, H2O
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O3,CH3Cl, HOCl, ClO, HNO3, N2O, H2O2, HCN, BrO,
SO2, ...
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absorption lines between 275 GHz and 1 THz --
tomorrows resources!?
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caution dirty tricks!
Footnote to Radio Regulations S5.340 All
emissions are prohibited in the following
bands1 400 - 1 427 MHz2 690 - 2 700 MHz except
those provided for by Nos. S5.421 an S5.42210.68
- 10.7 GHz except those provided for by No.
S5.483 15.35 - 15.4 GHz except those provided
for by No. S5.511 23.6 - 24 GHz..
we all know there are unwanted emissions!
unwanted emissions consist of spurious
emissions and out-of-band emissions
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out-of-band emissions Emissions on a frequency
or frequencies immediately outside the necessary
bandwidth which results from the modulation
process, but excluding spurious emissions
spurious emissions Emissions on a frequency or
frequencies which are outside the necessary
bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced
without affecting the corresponding transmission
of information. Spurious emissions include
harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions,
intermodulation products and frequencies and
frequency conversion products, but exclude
out-of-band emissions.
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caution dirty tricks!
intentional
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what will happen in the next years?
Europe
Japan
U.S.
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what is needed?
telecommunication people must be made aware of
the technique of passive remote sensing!
meteorologists must be made aware that there is
no unlimited spectrum!
constructive dialogue!
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looking for more detailed information?
get a copy of
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The meteorological community will crucially
depend on the availability of protected frequency
bands for passive sensing!
thank you for your attention!