Carissa Sundsmo

1
Garlic

• Carissa Sundsmo
• FCSN 547
• Nutrition Update

2
About Garlic

• Allium sativum
• family Amaryllidaceae
• European origin
• Cultivated all over the world
• Popular for use as food flavoring and medicine

3
Eastern and WesternMedical Uses

• Traditionally
• Antibiotic for colds, sore throat, phlegm in
  respiratory tract, asthma, bronchitis, abscesses
  and tuberculosis
• Reduce high blood pressure and cholesterol
• Heart disease
• Prevention of certain cancers (stomach and colon
  cancer)

4
Ancient uses of Garlic

• Ancient Egyptians used garlic to cure
• Headaches
• Tumors
• Heart disorders and intestinal worms
• Ancient Olympic athletes ate garlic to increase
  their energy
• First century A.D. it was prescribed to the Roman
  army as an anthelmintic (used to kill intestinal
  worms)

5
How Garlic is Consumed

• Eaten
• Raw or cooked
• Chopped, minced, whole, and crushed
• Dried or powdered
• Tablets
• Capsules
• Raw cloves use to make oils and liquid extracts

6
Possible Side Affects

• Bad Breath
• Body Odor
• Heart burn, upset stomach, and allergic reaction
• Most only occur with raw garlic
• Blood thinner (like aspirin)
• Inability to clot, can become a more concern
  during and after surgery
• Avoid for at least 1 week before surgery or
  dental work
• Interferes with the effectiveness of Saquinavir,
  a drug used to treat HIV
• No known effects on other drugs

7
Does Garlic do more than cause bad breath and
keep the Vampires away?
8
Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood
Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides1-3.
Journal of Nutrition (2003) 1363S

• The goal was to study the efficiency of an
  aqueous extract of raw garlic in controlling
  levels of sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides in
  the blood of normal rats.
• Materials and Methods
• Female Sprague-Dawley rats weight 200-250g
• Maintained on a normal diet and tap water
• Divided into 5 groups
• Group 1 normal saline (control)
• Group 2 orally force-fed garlic by stomach
  gavages using a ball tipped needle
• Group 3 garlic by intrapertioneal injection
• Group 4 orally forced-fed boiled garlic using
  the same methods as group 2
• Group 5 intraperitoneal injections of boiled
  garlic

9
Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood
Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides1-3.
Journal of Nutrition (2003) 1363S

• Rats given .5mL aqueous extract of garlic every
  day for 4 weeks
• After the 4 weeks they were killed using urethan
  anesthesia
• Blood was collected and a cholesterol and
  triglyceride analysis was conducted
• Serum glucose was determined immediately

10
Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood
Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides1-3.
Journal of Nutrition (2003) 1363S

• Both oral garlic and garlic IP showed a
  significant difference from the control group for
  lowering triglycerides
• Only raw garlic IP showed a significant
  difference from the control for lowering
  cholesterol
• Boiled garlic showed no significant difference

11
Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood
Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides1-3.
Journal of Nutrition (2003) 1363S

• Aqueous extract of raw garlic taken in small
  amounts has an effect in lowering cholesterol and
  triglyceride levels
• Raw garlic is more beneficial than cooked in
  reducing blood lipid and glucose levels and could
  potentially play an important role in preventing
  atherosclerosis.

12
Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets
on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial
stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers a
randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled
trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)

• Objective to clarify the effect of dried garlic
  powder tablets on blood lipids and blood
  pressure, they also monitored arterial stiffness.
• Subjects
• Healthy,
• normolipidaemic volunteers,
• both non smoking and smoking
• men and women
• Ages 40-60 years

13
Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets
on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial
stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers a
randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled
trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)

• Restrictions
• No use of lipid or blood pressure lowering
  medication, anticoagulation medication,
  contraceptives
• No more than 4 hours of intensive physical
  activity per week
• Not allowed to consume other dietary supplements
  except for multivitamin tablets
• Not allowed to consume more than two cloves of
  garlic per week
• Were asked to not change their diet, smoking, or
  physical activity habits during the study

14
Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets
on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial
stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers a
randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled
trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)

• Participants were stratified into the two groups
  based on gender and smoking status
• Garlic powder tablets (230 mg per tablet) or a
  placebo tablet ( microcrystalline cellulose and
  calcium phosphate)
• Two tablets twice a day with morning and evening
  meals
• Equal to approximately three garlic cloves a day

15
Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets
on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial
stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers a
randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled
trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)

• Thirty-eight subjects received garlic powder
  tablets
• Thirty-seven received the placebo
• One participant in the placebo group received the
  wrong intervention
• Thirty-one of the garlic group completed the
  intervention
• Thirty-two of the placebo group completed the
  study

16
Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets
on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial
stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers a
randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled
trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)
17
Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets
on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial
stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers a
randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled
trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)
18
Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets
on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial
stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers a
randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled
trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)
19
Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets
on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial
stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers a
randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled
trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)

• Conclusion
• No Significant difference was found in fasting
  total cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol,
  LDL-Cholesterol, and triacylglycerol
  concentrations, blood pressure or arterial
  stiffness.
• Garlic powder has no clinically relevant impact
  on fasting serum LDL and HDL concentrations and
  blood pressure.

20
Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low
density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in
patients of essential hypertension. Molecular
and Cellular Biochemistry (2004)

• Determine whether garlic supplementation in the
  diet of human subjects could modulate the in vivo
  levels of LDL and the biomarker of oxidative
  stress
• Second aim determine is garlic supplementation in
  the diet could convert beneficial effects by
  decreasing raised blood pressure levels in
  subjects with essential hypertension (EH)

21
Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low
density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in
patients of essential hypertension. Molecular
and Cellular Biochemistry (2004)

• Randomized double blind study
• Two groups of human subjects
• Essential hypertension group
• Non Hypertension group (control)
• Garlic Supplementation
• Given garlic pearls (garlic oil 2.5)
• Two garlic pearls per a day for 8 weeks

22
Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low
density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in
patients of essential hypertension. Molecular
and Cellular Biochemistry (2004)
23
Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low
density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in
patients of essential hypertension. Molecular
and Cellular Biochemistry (2004)

• Results
• Three patients from the EH group and two from the
  control group complained of GI discomfort and
  increase bowel motility which decreased after 2-3
  days
• A significant decline was noted in both mean SBP
  and DBP in the hypertensive group but not
  difference was found in the control
• The blood pressure in the hypertensive group was
  still higher than the control group

24
Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low
density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in
patients of essential hypertension. Molecular
and Cellular Biochemistry (2004)

• Including garlic as a daily supplement in our
  diet is a useful and an attractive proposition
  for counteracting high blood pressure and
  oxidative stress and various other factors
  associated with cardiovascular risk

25
Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders a
review. Nutrition Journal (2002)

• An overall review of the efficiency of garlic in
  cardiovascular disease conditions both in humans
  and animals.
• Reviewed Animal Studies and human studies in
• lipid metabolism
• Fibrinolytic activity
• platelet aggregation
• blood pressure lowering effect
• Diabetes mellitus
• other cardio protective properties of garlic
• adverse effects of garlic.

26
Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders a
review. Nutrition Journal (2002)

• Scientific literature supports the proposal of
  garlic consumption and its cardio protective
  effect.
• However, there are still issues on the type of
  garlic preparations that have been used in the
  studies
• Suggest further research to identify specific
  compounds from garlic and garlic product that are
  responsible for the biological effects.

27
Conclusion

• Most studies have shown some improvement of
  cholesterol levels by using garlic alone.
• The types of garlic used can influence the affect
  the garlic has on cholesterol.
• Raw has a higher effect than boiled and tablets.
• Those who wish to reduce their cholesterol using
  garlic should consult their physician for
  possible side affects of using garlic and their
  current medications to lower their cholesterol.