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Core 4 Pest Management

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Integrate pest management, which includes weed, insect and disease management, with: ... seed that is free of pathogens and weed seed. Cover crops. Trap crops ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Core 4 Pest Management


1
Core 4 Pest Management
  • Joseph K. Bagdon
  • USDA - NRCS
  • National Water and Climate Center
  • (Joseph.Bagdon_at_ma.usda.gov)

2
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3
Pest Management Training
  • Core 4 Training
  • Extension and state agency training in pest
    management and pesticide applicator safety
  • Certified Crop Advisor Program
  • NRCS Comprehensive self-paced study course
    entitled Nutrient and Pest Management
    Considerations in a Resource Management System
    Plan

4
Core 4 Pest Management
  • Integrate pest management, which includes weed,
    insect and disease management, with
  • Conservation Tillage/Residue Management
  • Crop Nutrient Management
  • Conservation Buffers
  • and other Conservation Practices

5
Pest Management and
  • Residue Management
  • Reduces erosion and runoff
  • Increases organic matter and microbial activity
  • Nutrient Management
  • Optimizes growth
  • Conservation Buffers
  • Capture sediment at the edge of the field
  • Increase infiltration

6
NRCS Pest Management
  • To help support Core 4
  • Revising NRCS Pest Management Policy
  • Revising National Pest Management Standard
  • Developed new Pest Management Job Sheet
  • Pest Management is a component of a Conservation
    Plan
  • Based on our Pest Management Standard
  • Includes Practice Specifications

7
Pest Management Implementation
  • Draft Standard Purposes
  • enhance crop quality and quantity
  • minimize negative impacts to identified resource
    concerns (SWAPAH)
  • Draft Policy Targeting
  • impaired or threatened water bodies identified
    through monitoring and/or modeling
  • EPA TMDL - SDWA implementation
  • EPA Pesticide Management Plan implementation

8
Draft Policy
  • NRCS role in pest management
  • Evaluate environmental risks associated with pest
    management
  • Develop appropriate mitigation alternatives for
    decision-maker consideration
  • Encourage widespread adoption of Integrated Pest
    Management (IPM) programs that help protect
    natural resources
  • Assist landowners with development and
    implementation of an acceptable Pest Management
    component of the overall conservation plan

9
Draft Policy
  • Certification
  • All persons who review or approve plans for pest
    management will be certified through a
    certification program accepted by NRCS in the
    state involved. A person who develops a pest
    management component of the overall conservation
    plan does not have to be certified.

10
Plan Components
  • plan and soil map of managed fields if applicable
  • location of sensitive resources and setbacks if
    applicable
  • crop sequence and rotation if applicable
  • identification of target pests (and IPM scheme
    for monitoring pest pressure when available)

11
Plan Components
  • recommended methods of pest management
    (biological, cultural, mechanical or chemical),
    including rates, product and form, timing, and
    method of applying pest management Note
    pesticide recommendations come from Extension and
    other pest control advisors, not NRCS

12
Plan Components
  • results of pest management environmental
    assessments (SPISP, WIN-PST, NAPRA, RUSLE etc.)
    and a narrative describing potential impacts on
    non-target plants and animals, through soil,
    water and air resources as appropriate
  • operation and maintenance instructions

13
Draft Standard
  • Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs that
    strive to balance economics, efficacy and
    environmental risks will be utilized where
    available.
  • If IPM programs are not available, the level of
    pest control must be the minimum necessary to
    meet the producers objectives for commodity
    quantity and quality.

14
Draft Standard
  • An appropriate set of mitigation techniques must
    be implemented to address the environmental risks
    of pest management activities in order to
    adequately treat identified resource concerns.
    Mitigation techniques include practices like
    filter strips and crop rotation, and management
    techniques like application timing and method.

15
Draft Standard
  • The requirement that the producer will maintain
    records of pest management for at least two
    years. Pesticide application records will be in
    accordance with USDA Agricultural Marketing
    Service's Pesticide Record Keeping Program and
    state specific requirements.

16
Current Focus Water Quality
  • Management factors that reduce the potential for
    pesticide movement below the rootzone and beyond
    the edge of the field (including management of
    crop, residue/tillage, water and pesticide(s)
  • Conservation Buffers that reduce pesticide
    movement beyond the edge of the field

17
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Defined
  • Integrated pest management is an approach to pest
    control that combines biological, cultural and
    other alternatives to chemical control with the
    judicious use of pesticides. The objective of
    IPM is to maintain pest levels below economically
    damaging levels while minimizing harmful effects
    of pest control on human health and environmental
    resources.

18
Basic Concepts
  • A pest is any organism (plant or animal) judged
    by people as undesirable
  • Ecologically speaking, no organism is born a
    pest it all depends on human perspective
  • Pest problems do not arise as independent or
    isolated events Crops and pests are part of an
    agroecosystem

19
Pest Types
  • Insects
  • Nematodes
  • Pathogens
  • Vertebrates
  • Weeds

20
IPM
  • Integrated means that a broad interdisciplinary
    approach is taken using scientific principles of
    plant protection to bring together a variety of
    management tactics into an overall strategy.
  • IPM strives for maximum use of naturally
    occurring control forces in the pest's
    environment, including weather, pest diseases,
    predators, and parasites.

21
IPM Theory
22
Implementing IPM Theory
  • Use cultural methods, biological controls and
    other alternatives to pesticides
  • Use field scouting, pest forecasting and economic
    thresholds to ensure that pesticides are only
    used for real pest problems
  • Match pesticides with site characteristics to
    minimize off-site environmental risks

23
Examples of Cultural Controls
  • Crop rotation
  • Tillage operations that turn the soil and bury
    crop debris
  • Altering planting and harvest dates
  • Altering seeding rates/crop spacing
  • Seedbed preparation, fertilizer application and
    irrigation schedules that help plants outgrow
    pests

24
Examples of Cultural Controls
  • Sanitation practices such as cleaning tillage and
    harvesting equipment
  • Certified seed that is free of pathogens and weed
    seed
  • Cover crops
  • Trap crops
  • Pest resistant varieties

25
Biological Controls
  • Predators - free-living animals that eat other
    animals (insects)
  • Parasitoids - insect parasites of other insects
  • Pathogens - disease causing microorganisms

26
Economic Thresholds
27
IPM Today
28
IPM Delays Pest Resistance
  • The innate (genetically inherited) ability of
    organisms to evolve strains that can survive
    exposure to control measures that worked on
    earlier generations.
  • In theory, pests can develop resistance to any
    type of control.
  • In practice, resistance occurs most frequently in
    response to pesticide use. (600 resistant
    insects, 100 resistant weeds)

29
Take Home IPM Principles
  • There is no silver bullet.
  • Tolerate, dont eradicate.
  • Treat the causes of pest outbreaks, not the
    symptoms.
  • If you kill the natural enemies, you inherit
    their job.
  • Pesticides are not a substitute for good farming.

30
USDA National IPM Initiative
  • Voluntary goal of implementing IPM on 75 of U.S.
    cropland by the year 2002
  • Involves farmers and other pest control advisors
    in the development of IPM programs to increase
    subsequent adoption
  • IPM benefits everyone it can reduce
    environmental risk, improve food safety and
    increase farmer profitability

31
Environmental Risks of Pest Management
  • Chemical control
  • Risk of pesticides leaving the Agricultural
    Management Zone (AMZ) in soil, water and air, and
    negatively impacting non-target plants, animals
    and humans
  • AMZ is bounded by the top of the crop canopy,
    the bottom of the rootzone, and the edge of the
    field
  • Risk of harming beneficial organisms
  • Risk to personal safety (Worker Protection)

32
Pesticide Environmental Fate
  • Pesticide Persistence and Mobility in Soil
  • Soil properties
  • Hydraulic loading on the soil
  • Crop management practices
  • Pesticide properties
  • Pesticide management factors
  • application methods
  • timing

33
Pesticide Environmental Fate Properties and NRCS
Soil/Pesticide Interaction Screening Procedure
(SPISP) Pesticide Ratings
34
Sensitivity of Ground and Surface Water
  • Sensitivity refers to intrinsic physical and
    biological characteristics of a particular site
    that make it more or less susceptible to ground
    or surface water contamination
  • Sensitivity parameters include
  • climate
  • soil characteristics (texture, depth,OM, slope)
  • distance to water bodies

35
Vulnerability of Ground and Surface Water
  • Vulnerability refers to extrinsic management
    factors that could make a sensitive site more or
    less susceptible to ground or surface water
    contamination
  • Vulnerability parameters include
  • pest management practices (including pesticide
    use practices)
  • cropping, tillage and irrigation practices

36
Scales of Pesticide Environmental Risk Analysis
  • National assessments can be used to identify
    potential problem areas and set national workload
    priorities
  • Watershed level analysis can identify an
    effective set of management solutions
  • Field level analysis can be used to apportion
    management solutions site-specifically

37
Field Office Tools
  • Screening tools are available to help address
    identified water resource concerns in targeted
    areas
  • The Windows Pesticide Screening Tool (WIN-PST)
    evaluates the potential for off-site pesticide
    movement in water, and its relative potential to
    chronically impact humans and sensitive fish
    species(Risk Exposure x Toxicity)

38
WIN-PST
  • Evaluates three pesticide loss pathways
  • Leaching below the rootzone
  • Solution runoff beyond the edge of the field
  • Adsorbed runoff beyond the edge of the field
  • Includes considerations for
  • Climate and Irrigation
  • Soil properties (and macropores)
  • Field-specific organic matter and topsoil depth
  • Apparent high water table

39
WIN-PST
  • Includes considerations for
  • Crop residue management
  • Pesticide application methods
  • broadcast, banded, foliar, soil incorporated
  • Application Rates
  • standard, low, ultra low
  • Results designed to guide the site-specific
    choice of appropriate mitigation strategies for
    all recommended pesticide uses

40
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41
Solution Runoff Human Risk
42
Pesticide Trapping with Conservation Buffers
  • Pesticides vary in how tightly they are adsorbed
    to soil particles
  • Higher pesticide Koc values indicate strong
    adsorption to soil
  • Eroded soil carries the majority of this kind of
    pesticide leaving fields in runoff
  • Conservation buffers that are effective in
    trapping sediment will trap these pesticides

43
Pesticide Trapping with Conservation Buffers
  • Pesticides with lower Koc values tend to move
    more in water than adsorbed to sediment
  • To be effective in trapping this type of
    pesticide, buffers need to increase water
    infiltration or maximize contact of runoff with
    vegetation that may adsorb pesticide

44
In Summary, We Want To
  • Integrate environmental risk into the pest
    management decision-making process
  • Apply appropriate mitigation strategies on a
    site-specific basis
  • Consider pest management interrelationships with
    climate, and soil, water, nutrient and crop
    management, in order to minimize negative impacts
    to non-target plants, animals and humans
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