Introduction to ICT and Programming

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Introduction to ICT and Programming

• Dr. Raihan Ur Rasool
• BIT-9D
• Credits 3 - 1

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Contacts

• Office
• Academic Block -II Phone [phone] Ext 129
• Office Hours
• Monday 1000 1200 hrs
• email
• dr.raihan_at_niit.edu.pk
• Exceptional meeting
• Give me an email and get time.

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Course Outline
Part A

• System Unit
• Storage Devices
• Data Entry Devices
• Output Devices
• Telecommunications
• Basics of Digital
• Analogue Signal
• Digital Communication
• Networks Protocols
• Databases
• Data Mining
• E-Commerce
• Security Issues
• Artificial Intelligence
• System Development

• Introduction to IT
• Computing Communication
• Understanding Computer
• Peripheral Devices
• Connectivity, Interactivity Multimedia
• Internet Access Devices and
• connecting medias
• World Wide Web
• Browsers Search Engines
• Web Page Basic Design
• Application Software
• Microsoft Office
• Operating Systems
• Hardware Technology

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Course Outline
Part B (Major portion expected start 10th week)

• Introduction to Programming
• Programming Languages
• Problems solving Techniques
• Basics of C
• Control structures
• Functions
• Arrays Strings

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Books

• Text Books
• Using Information Technology by Brian K. Williams
  and Stacy C. Sawyer (6th Edition)
• Object Oriented Programming in C by Robert
  Lafore (4th edition)

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Books

• Reference Books (very important part)
• Peter Nortons Introduction to Computers 5th
  Edition
• Computers by Larry Long, Nancy Long 6th Edition
• Computer Fundamentals by P.K. Sinha
• Concepts by Parson Oja
• Introduction to computes and information systems
  by Robert A., Donald P., Norma A., donna M. (2nd
  Edition)
• C How To Program by Dietel Dietel (3rd
  Edition)
• C Web material
• www.howstuffworks.com
• www.whatis.com

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Evaluation
Quizzes 10 One Hour Tests 30
Lab 5 Assignments 5 Project 5
Final Test 45
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Policies

• Bring your own calculator, pen paper etc..
• You will not be allowed to borrow anything from
  anyone during any test
• Must write your name and reference number (Merit
  No or Regn No) in a test
• No late work will be accepted (unless
  arrangements have been made in advance)
• Ask questions participate actively in class
• You are allowed to talk to instructor only

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Policies

• You are responsible for what is covered in class
  even if you dont show up
• Deficiency in attendance may lead to termination
  or relegation
• You are encouraged to help each other with your
  homework assignments but you must turn in your
  own work
• If you are found to be cheating, you will fail at
  least the assignment / test and perhaps the
  entire class

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Policies

• If you have any learning disabilities or special
  needs, please let me know in advance through
  email or personal meeting
• Check your email regularly for messages
• Quizzes are unannounced

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Computer Usage

• Web Browsers
• MS Internet Explorer 6.0
• Netscape Communicator
• Mozilla
• Email Editors
• Outlook Express
• Utilities
• Winzip 8.0
• Winrar
• DOS Utilities etc.
• System Troubleshooting

• Operating Systems
• Windows 98/2000/XP
• Red Hat Linux
• Microsoft Office
• MS Word 2000
• MS Excel 2000
• MS Power Point 2000
• MS FrontPage 2000
• Programming IDE
• VC 6.0
• Developer C
• Turbo C 3.0

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Using Information Technology

• Chapter 1
• Introduction to Information Technology

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Computer Technology

• Computer ? computes
• Programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data
  and figures and processes it into usable
  information.

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Few Basics.
2/6
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Communications

• the activity of communicating the activity of
  conveying information
• An event that causes an action
• Event is a signal
• A signal is an intended message of communication
• Action is a process in relation to the event

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Online

• Availability for communication
• You cannot be online if you have a computer,
  modem but not a phone line

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Introduction to Information Technology Mind
Tools for Your Future

• 1.1 Infotech Becomes Commonplace Cellphones,
  E-Mail, the Internet, the E-World
• 1.2 The All-Purpose Machine The Varieties of
  Computers
• 1.3 Understanding Your Computer What If You
  Custom-Ordered Your Own PC?
• 1.4 Where is Information Technology Headed?

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Section 1.1 - InfoTech Becomes Commonplace Cell
phones, E-Mail, the Internet, the E-World 

• InfoTech InfoTech is the fusion of computer
  technology and communication technology. InfoTech
  is the merging of computers with high-speed
  communications links carrying data, sound, and
  video.  

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Communication Technology

• Consists of electromagnetic devices and systems
  for communicating over long distances. 
• Electromagnetic
• Referring to the combined electric and magnetic
  fields caused by electron motion through
  conductors

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OnlineAvailability for communication

• Using a computer or other information device,
  connected through a voice or data network, to
  access information and services from another
  computer or information device. 

Can you be online with a mobile phone?
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E-mail(Electronic mail)

• Messages transmitted over a computer network
• A great overview on how E-mail works can be
  found at the following web site
• http//www.howstuffworks.com/email.htm
• Do read it might be a quiz coming your way! ?

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1.2 The All-Purpose Machine The Varieties of
ComputersAll Computers, Great Small The
Categories of Machines

• Supercomputers
• Mainframes
• Workstations
• Microcomputers
• Microcontrollers

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Supercomputers

• High-capacity machines with hundreds of thousands
  of processors that can perform over 1 trillion
  calculations per second.  E.g IBM ASCI White,
  Cray
• Used where High Performance computing is required
• Usually used for weather forecasting, Missile
  simulations, Nuclear Fusion simulations

IBM ASCI White
IBM ASCI White
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Mainframes

• Water- or air-cooled computers that vary in size
  from small, to medium, to large, depending on
  their use.
• E.g IBM AS/400
• Normally Dumb Terminals are connected to these
  main frames. Processing is done by Main Frames
• Dumb terminals only have keyboard, monitors

VP2400 mainframe
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Workstations

• Expensive, powerful computers usually used for
  complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering
  calculations and for computer-aided design and
  computer-aided manufacturing.
• e.g. Sun blade 2500

Sun Microsystems workstation
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Microcomputers

• A Desk Top Personal Computer
• Your home computers Celeron
• Now Desktop and Workstations are combining. i.e
  Your PC is also becoming powerful enough

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Microcomputers

• A Tower Case Personal Computer

Sony tower PC
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Microcomputers

• A Lap Top Personal Computer
• Lightweight portable computers with built-in
  monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery and
  AC adapter.

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Microcomputers

• A Personal Digital Assistant
• Getting Very popular
• Personal organization tools-schedule planners,
  address books, to-do lists, send e-mail and
  faxes.
• New generation that incorporates mobile phone and
  microcomputer.
• HP 5555

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Microcontrollers

• Embedded computers are the tiny, specialized
  microprocessors installed in "smart" appliances
  and automobiles.

Question Difference b/w microcontrollers and
microprocessors
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1.3 Understanding Your ComputerHow Computers
Work - Concept 1The purpose of a computer is to
process data into information.

• Data
• The raw facts and figures that are processed into
  information

• Information
• Data that has been summarized or otherwise
  manipulated for use in decision making

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How Computers Work - Concept 2Computers consist
of hardware and software.

• Hardware
• All the machinery and equipment in a computer
  system

• Software
• All the instructions that tell the computer how
  to perform a task

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How Computers Work - Concept 2Computers also
consist of firmware and liveware.

• Firmware
• Instructions or programs that reside inside
  Integrated Circuits (ICs)

• Liveware
• All the living things aiding computer to work.
  Data entry operators, programmers etc

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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same five basic operations.

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Keyboard
Mouse
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Case or system cabinet
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Processor chip
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Memory chips
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Motherboard
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

• Primary storage (memory)
• Computer circuitry that temporarily holds data
  waiting to be processed (normally called Buffers)
• Secondary storage (HDD)

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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

• BIT 1 line that can have either Voltage or 0
  Voltage.
• ( can vary from device to device like 5 volts
  for parallel port)
• Byte 8 bits of data
• Kilobyte 210 bytes of data 1024 bytes
• Megabyte 220 bytes of data 1048576
• Gigabyte 230 bytes of data 1073741824

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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Floppy disk
Zip disk
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Hard-disk drive
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Sound card
Sound Card
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Speakers
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Video card
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Monitor
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Printer
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How Computers Work - Concept 3All computers
follow the same four basic operations

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Communications

Modem
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Put all the hardware together and
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You still need the software!

• System software (Operating System)
• Helps the computer perform essential operating
  tasks and enables the application software to run
• and

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You still need the software!

• Application software
• Enables you to perform specific tasks--solve
  problems, perform work, or entertain yourself

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1.4 Where Is Information Technology
Headed?Three Directions of Computer Development

• Miniaturization
• Speed
• Affordability

Then (1946)
Now
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Three Directions of Communications Development

• Connectivity
• Interactivity
• Multimedia

Auto PC
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When Computers Communications
CombineConvergence, Portability,
Personalization

• Convergence
• Portability
• Personalization

Ubiquitous Computing Anywhere, anytime
computing.
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Ubiquitous Computing

• Context Aware Computing
• Your computer should adapt to your requirements
  rather than you telling your computer to adapt
• E.g If you enter Conference Room your mobile
  phone (PDA) should go to silent rather than you
  telling it to go silent.

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Network

• Communication system connecting two or more
  computers.
• LAN Local Area Network
• MAN Metropolitan Area Network
• WAN Wide Area Network

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Network

• LAN Local Area Network connects, usually by
  cable, a group of desktop PCs and other devices,
  such as printers, in an office or a building. 
• MAN Metropolitan Area Network A data network
  intended to serve an area the size of a large
  city. Such networks are being implemented by
  innovative techniques, such as running optical
  fiber through subway tunnels.
• WAN Wide Area Network A communications network
  that uses such devices as telephone lines,
  satellite dishes, or radio waves to span a larger
  geographic area than can be covered by a LAN.

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Network

• LAN is maintained inside a building or small
  campus
• MANs connect LANs together within a city
• WANs connects LANs together across the
  country.

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Cyberspace 

• Encompasses not only the online world and the
  Internet in particular, but also the whole wired
  and wireless world of communications in general.
• Two most important aspects of cyberspace include
  
• Internet
• World Wide Web

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Internet

• Inter-network!
• Worldwide network that connects up to 400,000
  smaller networks in more than 200 countries.
• Read the history of internet (Topic origins of
  internet)

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• 1970s ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
  Agency Network), a US Defense department agencys
  started research on networks for defense purpose
• 1975 ARPANET was built and transferred to
  Defense Communication Agency. Restricted access
• 1980 National Science Foundation started CSNet
  and connected universities and research
  organizations, Built a very fast connection
  called backbone in late 80s
• 1989 ARPANET became too expensive to handle and
  was closed down and many of its sites got
  connected to NSF Backbone and word INTERNET was
  born
• WWW was proposed and implemented by CERN in 1995

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World Wide Web

• Interconnected system of computers all over the
  world that store information in Multimedia form.

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Multimedia

• Technology that presents information in more
  than one medium, such as text, still images,
  moving images, and sound.

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Client Server Architecture

• A network architecture in which each computer or
  processor on the network is either a Client or a
  Server.
• Client/Server network Server Clients linked
  together

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Server

• A server, central computer, holds collections of
  data and programs for connecting PCs,
  workstations, and other devices, which are called
  clients.

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Clients

• Clients PCs, workstations, other devices
• Clients are PCs or Workstations on which users
  run applications. Clients rely on servers for
  resources, such as files, devices, and even
  processing power. 

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Cluster Computing!

• Goto task manager of your computer or press
• Alt Shift Esc key together
• It is not a computer but consists of bunch (set)
  of computers connected by some communication
  medium. These computer work together in parallel
  to perform high performance tasks

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Grid Computing

• Cluster connected by internet
• NIITs major research emphases is on grid
  computing.
• NIIT is working with CERN (Center for Nuclear
  Research) in the domain of grid computing