Organic Chemistry Introduction

1
Organic Chemistry Introduction

• Definition
• Keywords
• The Components
• Examples
• The Bonds
• Types

2
What is Organic Chemistry?

• Once upon a time chemists believed that certain
  chemical such as glucose, alcohol, proteins and
  petrol could only be made by living organisms.
  Therefore they were given the name organic
  chemicals.
• It was later discovered that they could be made
  in the laboratory and that they all had one thing
  in common they were all compounds of carbon

3
Keywords Before we begin

• There are a number of key words that we must
  revise before we begin
• Non-metals A group of elements that are found
  on the right-hand side of the periodic table.
  They are not malleable, lustrous and ductile, and
  they are poor conductors of heat and electricity
• Molecule a group of atoms joined together with
  covalent bonds. They can be elements or compounds
• Covalent bonds a bond between two non-metal
  atoms, where the outer shell electrons are shared
  to complete the electron shells

4
The Components of Organic Chemicals

• The atoms that make up organic chemicals can be
  compared to Lego blocks. They have a certain
  number of connections (1, 2 or 4) and they can be
  arranged in a number of different ways
• Carbon the main building block of organic
  chemicals it can form four covalent bonds
• Oxygen - this add on can form two covalent
  bonds
• Hydrogen this atom basically fills in any free
  bonds it has the ability to make one bond only
• There are a few other non-metals that we will
  look at this year but they are less common than
  the one mentioned above
• Nitrogen can form three bonds
• Halogens can form one bond

5
Examples of Organic Molecules

• Organic molecules can be drawn in a number of
  different ways. Here is the same molecule
  (ethanol) note the number of bonds that each
  component has formed

6
The Bonds

• Organic molecules only form covalent bonds but
  there are a few variations
• Double bonds when an atom forms two covalent
  bonds with another atom. They are drawn like
  this CC
• Triple bonds when an atom forms three covalent
  bonds with another atom. They are drawn like
  this CC
• Here are some examples of each note how many
  bonds each component has

7
Types of Organic Molecules

• There are a number of different types of organic
  chemicals. We identify each type by a combination
  of atoms that it will contain. This combination
  is called a functional group
• These examples are called Hydrocarbons

8
Type of Organics II

• Here are some others that contain oxygen or
  halogens

Example
Functional Group
Type
Ethanol

Alkanol (Alcohol)
Ethanoic acid

Carboxylic acid
Methyl propanoate

Ester
Chloro methane
Haloalkane
9
Chain Lengths

• Each type of chemical can exist with various
  numbers of carbons bonded together into a chain
• Later we will learn that the name of each organic
  molecule is determined by the length of the
  longest carbon chain in the molecule