Macromolecules and the Central Dogma

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Macromoleculesand theCentral Dogma

• September 2, 2003

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Goals of this Lecture

• Understand definition and composition of
  macromolecules
• Familiarity with macromolecules found in the
  human body
• Composition
• Structure
• Function
• Basis for upcoming lectures

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Anatomy
Physiology
Biochemistry
Cell Biology
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What is a Macromolecule??

• Many molecules often linked together (Polymers)
• A molecule is composed of atoms
• 99.3 of atoms in the body
• Hydrogen H- 63
• Oxygen O-26
• Carbon C- 9
• Nitrogen N- 1

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Macromolecules consist of Polymers of Molecules
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Common Theme Linkages occur by Dehydration

• Molecules are linked by loss of H2O to form a
  bond (dehydration)
• Polysaccharides, proteins, triglycerides, nucleic
  acids

A
B
A
B
H2O
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Classes of Macromolecules
of Body Weight
Majority of Atoms
Subunits
Carbohydrates
1
C,H,O
Monosaccharides
Nucleic Acids
2
C,H,O,N
Nucleotides
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Carbohydrates
Esteemed Dr. Kahn

• Primary function in energy metabolism
• Represented by the formula

Cn(H2O)n
Each carbon has an associated Water Carbo Hydrate

• Readily water soluble

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Carbohydrates

• Most taste sweet- sugars
• Monosaccharide (single sweet)

C6H12O6
n6
(Cn(H2O)n)
Glucose

• Most common sugar
• Blood Sugar

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Carbohydrates

• Common sugars
• Mononsaccharides
• Glucose
• Galactose
• Lactose
• Fructose
• Disaccharides (sugars linked together)
• Sucrose (Glucose Fructose)

Beloved Dr. Matsumura
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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides
• Glycogen
• Storage
• Structural

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Lipids (Fats)

• Composed of Carbon and Hydrogen
• Linked by covalent bonds (CH chain)
• Not water soluble
• Four classes
• Fatty acids
• Triglycerols
• Phospholipids
• Steroids

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Lipids

• Fatty Acids
• Primary component of lipids
• Chain of CH with carboxyl group at one end
• Generally even numbered (i.e. 16- or 18-carbon)
• Saturated fatty acid
• Unsaturated (mono or poly)

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Lipids
FAT

• Triacylglycerol (triglycerides or )
• Linking glycerol (a 3 carbon carbohydrate) to 3
  fatty acids

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H2O
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Lipids

• Phospholipids
• Third C of glycerol is linked to phosphate
• Amphipathic
• Membranes
• Steroids
• Specialized molecules
• Cholesterol
• Estrogen
• Testosterone

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Proteins

• 50 of organic material in the body
• Critical for most physiological processes
• Composed of C, H, O, N (and some Sulfer)
• Chains of amino acids

The dynamic Dr. Edmondson
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Proteins

• Formed by linking amino acids (loss of H2O)
• Composed of various combinations of the 20 amino
  acids
• Amino acid composition determines water solubility

Amino Acid
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Proteins
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Nucleic Acids

• Only 2 of bodies weight
• Responsible for storage, expression, and
  transmission of genetic information

The lovely and talented Dr. Corbett
DNA
RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic Acid
Store Genetic Info
Decode Genetic Info
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Nucleic Acids

• Polymers of Nucleotides
• Phosphate group
• Sugar
• Base (G,A,T,C,U)
• Linkages formed by loss of H2O

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Central DogmaFlow of Genetic Information
DNA
RNA
Protein
RNA Transcription
DNA Replication
Protein Translation
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What Do I Need to Know??

• Classes of macromolecules
• Generally exist as polymers
• Polymerization often involves dehydration
• Function of different macromolecules
• Chemical nature of macromolecules (No
  structures)
• Concept of central dogma (much more to come)