Metabolism Learning Objectives

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Metabolism Learning Objectives

• Identify primary cell structures and explain role
  in human nutrition.
• Explain the formation and function of ATP.
• Outline glycolysis and circumstances leading to
  formation of pyruvate or lactate.
• Describe the role of NAD, FAD, acetyl-CoA in
  energy production.
• Summarize action of the citric acid cycle and
  electron transport chain in the metabolism of
  energy nutrients.

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Metabolism learning objectives cont.

• Explain how fats and proteins enter into energy
  pathways.
• Describe the formation of ketones, urea and amino
  acids as products of energy metabolism.
• Explain how diet influences energy metabolism
  pathways.
• Compare the pathway for alcohol metabolism and
  other energy nutrients.

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Metabolic Pathways

• Pathway A direction to go
• Anabolic pathways
• Building large molecules from smaller components
• Example glucose to glycogen
• Catabolic pathways
• Breaking down large molecules to smaller
  components
• Example Amylose or starch to glucose
• Can you think of others?

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Cellular Organelles

• Plasma/Cell Membrane
• Double layer of lipids and proteins
• Controls passage of nutrients and waste
• Cytoplasm, cytosol
• Nucleus
• Double membrane
• Chromosomes DNA- directs cell protein synthesis
  and cell division
• Ribosomal RNA directs ribosomal assembly

• Mitochondria
• Energy production
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Rough protein synthesis
• Smooth fat synthesis
• Golgi Complex
• Packaging plant for proteins

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Breaking Nutrients Down for Energy

• Glucose
• Anaerobic Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
• Glucose to Pyruvate and back (reversible)
• Pyruvate to acetyl CoA (aerobic)
• Low Oxygen pyruvate to lactic acid
• Not reversible
• TCA/Krebs Cycle (Aerobic Mitochondria)
• Acetyl CoA to fat
• Electron Transport Chain

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Energy Metabolism from Triglycerides

• Glycerol to pyruvate
• Fatty Acid Oxidation
• Fatty acids to acetyl CoA
• Beta Oxidation
• Lots of ATP per molecule of fatty acid
• Glucose cannot be created from fatty acids.
• Ketosis

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Energy from Amino Acids

• Glucogenic Amino Acids
• Ketogenic Amino Acids
• Deamination
• Transamination
• Ammonia to urea in liver
• Elevated blood ammonia liver disease
• Urea excreted via kidneys
• Elevated blood urea kidney disease

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The Bodys Energy Budget

• Feasting
• Surplus protein to fat
• Building body proteins required hormonal
  influence, cannot only eat to build muscle
• Surplus carbohydrate leads to greater storage of
  consumed fat
• Surplus fat more body fat, most direct

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Bodys Energy Budget cont.

• Fasting
• Glucose for the brain
• Protein to meet glucose needs
• Fat makes a very small glucose contribution from
  glycerol
• Ketosis 10 days to meet brain glucose needs
• Ketosis appetite suppression
• Hormones of starvation slow metabolism less
  than expected weight loss

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Alcohol in Beverages

• Moderate Intake
• Women 1 drink per day
• Men 2 drinks per day
• 1 drink
• ½ oz. Pure alcohol or 1-1/2 oz. 80 proof
• 100 proof 50 alcohol
• 80 proof 40 alcohol
• 5 ounces wine
• 12 ounces beer

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Alcohol in the Body

• No digestion immediately absorbed
• 20 absorbed in stomach and reaches the brain in
  one minute
• Alcohol dehydrogenase stomach enyme gender
  differences, food
• Liver must detoxify before other work, stored
  here as fats, can handle approximately 1 drink
  per hour

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