Role of nuclear power in India

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Role of nuclear power in Indias power-mix

• Anil Kakodkar
• Department of Atomic Energy

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Scenarios for Total Installed Power Capacity in
India(DAE-2004 and Planning Commission-2006
studies)
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(No Transcript)
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Three Stage Nuclear Power Programme
Globally Advanced Technology
Globally Unique
World class performance

• Stage I PHWRs
• 14 - Operating
• 4 - Under construction
• Several others planned
• Scaling to 700 MWe
• Gestation period has been reduced
• POWER POTENTIAL ? 10,000 MWe
• LWRs
• 2 BWRs Operating
• 2 VVERs under
• construction

• Stage - III
• Thorium Based Reactors
• 30 kWth KAMINI- Operating
• 300 MWe AHWR- Under Development
• POWER POTENTIAL IS VERY LARGE
• Availability of ADS can enable early
  introduction of Thorium on a large scale

• Stage - II
• Fast Breeder Reactors
• 40 MWth FBTR - Operating since 1985
• Technology Objectives realised
• 500 MWe PFBR-
• Under Construction
• POWER POTENTIAL ? 530,000 MWe

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Comparison of Fuel Characteristics

• Calorific value of fossil fuels (kcal/kg)
• Domestic Coal 4000, Imported Coal 5400,
  Naphtha 10500, LNG 9500
• Indian uranium-ore contains only 0.06 of uranium
  (Canadas 18), but this provides
• 20 times more energy per tonne of mined material
  than coal when uranium is used in once through
  open cycle in PHWRs
• 1200 to 1400 times more energy per tonne of mined
  material than coal when used in closed cycle
  based on FBRs
• 1000 MWe Nuclear Power Plant needs movement of
  12 trucks (10 Te/truck) of uranium fuel per year
• 1000 MWe Coal Power Plant needs movement of
  3,80,000 trucks (10 Te/truck) of coal per year

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Based on IAEA Bulletin 42, 2000
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External Costs for various Electricity Generating
Technologies
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA,
April 2006
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Worldwide annual per capita effective dose (mSv)
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA,
April 2006
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Relative environmental impact of
different Technologies of electricity generation
High
Air pollution impacts (PM10) and other impacts
Low
Low
High
Greenhouse gas impacts
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA,
April 2006
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Photovoltaic Offshore wind Onshore
wind Hypower Oil Natural gas Coal Nuclear
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA,
April 2006
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Overnight Cost _at_ 2003 price level
1000 MW
1600
700
950
1000
700
Source NEA/ OECD Study, India NPCIL Study
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Levelised Cost of Generation Paise/ kWh at
2005-06 price level

• Source MW Cr/ MW Years Lev/ Cost
• Nuclear 700 5.2 5 152
• Coal 500 4.0 3 164
• Gas 500 2.7 2 182
• Assumptions
• Discount rate 5, PLF 80
• Gas _at_ 3/ mmBtu,CoalDelivered Rs1344/T
• If uranium is available at international prices,
  levelised cost of nuclear generation can come
  down to about 115

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Nuclear electricity generation and capacity
addition since 1966
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA,
April 2006
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Fast Breeder Reactor
500 MWe Fast Breeder Reactor Construction
launched on October 23, 2004
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ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR

• BASIC DATA
• FUEL U-233/THORIUM MOX Pu-239/THORIUM
  MOX
• COOLANT BOILING LIGHT
  WATER
• MODERATOR HEAVY WATER
• POWER 300 MW(e)
• 920 MW(t)

1 Secondary Containment
2 Primary Containment
3 Gravity Driven Water Pool
4 Isolation Condenser
5 Passive Containment Isolation Duct
6 Vent Pipe
7 Tail Pipe Tower

• Structured peer review completed
• Pre-licensing design safety appraisal by
  AERB in progress

8 Steam Drum
9 100 M Floor
10 Fuelling Machine
11 Deck Plate
12 Calandria with End Shield
13 Header
14 Pile Supports
15 Advanced Accumulator
16 Pre - Stressing Gallery
17 Passive Containment Cooler
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Accelerator based energy technology

• Growth with Thorium systems
• Transmutation of long lived radionuclides

LONG TERM RD EFFORTS NEEDED
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Compact High Temperature Reactor

• Fluid fuel substitutes (Hydrogen)
• Other high temperature heat applications

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Steady state superconducting tokamak (SST-1)
Pictures of SST-1 Tokamak at IPR, Gandhinagar

• BASIC OBJECTIVE IS TO STUDY PHYSICS OF PLASMA
  PROCESSES IN TOKAMAK UNDER STEADY STATE CONDITIONS

• SST-1 HAS BEEN FABRICATED AND ASSEMBLED.
• COMMISSIONING IS IN PROGRESS

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Fusion Energy
India is a member of ITER group
Schematic of the prototype fusion breeder reactor
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Challenges and strategies

• A country of the size of India cannot afford to
  plan its economy on the basis of large scale
  import of energy resources or energy technology
• Indigenous development of energy technologies
  based
• on domestic fuel resources should be a priority
  for us.
• Nuclear power must contribute about a quarter of
  the total electric power required 50 years from
  now, in order to limit energy import dependence
  in percentage terms at about the current level.

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• Thank You