Pilgrimage

1
Pilgrimage

• Early Modern Europe

2
The Marians
3
Marian Pilgrimages

• Along the way the pilgrims stop at shrines to
  worship. One type of shrine is called a Marian
  Shrine. Here it is believed that the Virgin Mary
  has been seen. "Pilgrims to Marian shrines would
  participate in a full program of liturgical
  celebrations and devotions" (Danis 2001).
• Marian shrines are natural centers for discussing
  the teachings of Mary and of her life of faith
  with God.

4
Marian Pilgrimages Cont.

• Marian shrines also created cultural meeting
  spots for the pilgrims. History, traditions and
  art, as well as the contemplation of God's great
  plan could be discussed.
• "Mary is the woman called to collaborate in God's
  work. She is the virgin totally consecrated to
  the Lord. She is the wife and mother in a family
  in which God's promises to his people were
  fulfilled. Marian shrines are special places for
  discerning the meaning of vocation, the feminine,
  consecrated life, the family" (Danis 2001).
• Marian shrines are sometimes erected at the site
  of a miracle

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Importance of Marian Shrines

• As Mary goes, so goes the Church (Turner and
  Turner 1978) This is to say that the church
  depended on people who would make the journey to
  visit the shrine.
• Has become the most revered saint.
• Look to her for miracles to improve their lives.
• Have been the most popular of all the
  pilgrimages, some cities depend on the people who
  come to view the shrine (Turner and Turner 1978)

6
Local Marian Pilgrimages

• Marian shrines were common for local pilgrimages.
• Reports of a miracle spread to the surrounding
  communities, usually within 60km (Bugslag)
• The miracle or shrine often responded to the
  needs of the community, such as mass disease or
  famine (Bugslag)
• Used by people in which a local or nearby shrine
  was their only option, such as with still born
  babies who would receive baptism so they may go
  to heaven (Bugslag)

7
Protestant Reform

• Protestant reformers felt it was wrong for
  Christians to make a god out of Mary. They felt
  it was blasphemous to treat Mary as a mediator to
  god when the only true mediator is Christ himself
• Protestants still sought grace and favor from her
  but not salvation
• They still visited and erected shrines in her
  honor as the mother of God but was not revered as
  Catholics felt (Parish and Naphy 2002).

8
The Cult of Relics
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The Scope

• When considering the Cult of Relics and
  the pilgrimages that took place as a result of
  this form of worship one cannot use too many
  superlatives. Tens to hundreds of thousands
  annually over centuries and millennia traveled to
  kneel at the base of a shrine. New miracles to
  surpass that of the old. Relief from purgatory
  for hundreds of years as the result of a single
  pilgrimage. Fortunes made and fortunes lost.
  Small villages growing to the size of towns,
  towns to the size of cities, cities growing to
  rival the size of the largest on the continent
  for no other reason than that they were on the
  route of or were the final destination of a
  pilgrimage.

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Relics

• Relic remains of a saint an object
  esteemed or venerated because of
  association with a saint or a martyr
  

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Sorting out the relics

• First Class Relic - Something directly
  associated with the life of Christ,
• articles of clothing, the manger, the
  cross, remains of those involved with
• the life of Christ - the remains of
  saints also of the highest order of relic
• 
  
• Second Class Relic - Clothing and
  perhaps personal items of the saints
• 
  
• Third Class Relic - That which may have come
  into physical contact with a
• saint
  either during his life or after

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The ReliquaryThe Display of Relics

• Reliquary noun, a container of holy relics

13
Relics Reliquaries Shrines

• The shrine to the Three Magi located in the
  Kolmer Dom in Cologne, Germany. Built in 1284
  this reliquary was the gift of Emperor Otto IV.
  In this reliquary lay the remains of those
  three travelers of biblical times.

14
From King to Saint An Interesting Story

• Saint Oswald Revered as the king who
  resurrected Christianity in the north of
  England. Killed on the battlefield by his
  enemies, his body was mutilated, with his head
  and arms being mounted on stakes. His arms were
  eventually enshrined in silver and displayed in
  the Church of Saint Oswald. One would be stolen
  and displayed at another cathedral on the
  continent. His head was displayed in this
  reliquary in a cathedral in Germanysimultaneously
  displayed at two locations in Switzerland one
  in the Netherlandsand buried in the coffin of
  Saint Cumberland. Parts of his body would become
  shrines in seventeen different cathedrals.

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Shrines of Importance

• Church of the Holy Sepulcher in
  Jerusalem sits atop the remains of the Savior
• 
  
• The remains relics of Saints Peter
  and Paul, removed from the catacombs in
• Rome and placed in tombs
  in the Vatican and the Ostian Way
• 
  
• The relics of Saint James interred
  beneath the cathedral in Santiago, Spain
• 
  
• The relics of Saint Thomas Becket were
  displayed at the cathedral in Canterbury
• All of these sites would
  become major destinations of pilgrims

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The Journey

• The journey of the pilgrim would result
  in a transition from his normal existence. After
  deciding his destination he would acquire the
  permission of his local clergy. He would then
  tend to all of his worldly affairs write out a
  will, pay all debts, and arrange for the care of
  his family and property during the period of his
  absence. This tended to, he would make his
  preparations.

17
Ritual

• Whether noble, priest, or merchant, each
  pilgrim will make the same preparation. His
  reason for the journey may be to do penance.or
  perhaps to invoke the magic of a particular saint
  to cure himself or a loved oneor as a
  thanksgiving for grace already receivedor just
  to see the world. Whatever his motivation each
  pilgrim will transcend his current reality while
  undergoing the ritual of the pilgrim.

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Symbols

• The pilgrim and those he travels with will
  acquire a specific costume. It will be comprised
  of the pilgrim hat and the typical smock over
  which will be worn a hooded cape.the pilgrims
  will also acquire a flask in the shape of a gourd
  to carry drinking water. Of most importance,
  they will come into possession of the staff and
  the scrip, a leather pouch to be attached to the
  belt. Noble, clergy and peasant alike shall shed
  their position and be identified by this garb as
  pilgrim to all those they may encounter for the
  duration of their journey.
• 
  Scrip a small bag or wallet

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Signs

• The pilgrim badge would be purchased at the
  site of the shrine. If touched to the shrine
  it could then become imbued with the powers or
  magic of the relic. It would then be worn
  on the hat or the smock of the pilgrim for the
  balance of the journey. The ampulla would serve
  as a container to carry holy water, or perhaps
  healing water, for the purpose of invoking a
  cure for an ailing loved one unable to make the
  journey. It would be worn as a necklace on a
  string or chain.
• Ampulla flask with a globular body
  and two handles

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Badges

• The badge would be representative of the shrine
  from which it was purchased.
• A scallop shell badge would indicate a journey to
  the shrine of Saint James.
• The palm leaf was the sign of a pilgrimage to
  Jerusalem.
• A badge of the bust of Saint Thomas a Becket
  would proclaim that, Thomas is the best healer.
• Made from lead or copper the badges were highly
  profitable items for their merchants. Most often
  the religious order .
• A larger shrine may contract with an individual
  giving a monopoly for the manufacture and sale of
  the badges.

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Myth and MiraclesThe Cult of Saint James

• James the Disciple spread the word of the
  Lord throughout the region of the world which
  would become Spain. After taking the word of God
  as far as Finnesterra, earths end, James returns
  to Judea.
• 
  
• Suffering his death at the hands of King
  Herod Agrippa I, the martyr's remains are
  miraculously transported by rudderless, crewless
  boat to a remote site in the northwest region of
  Spain, Iria Flavia.
• 
  
• Ninth century attempts through prayer to
  discover his relics result in stars falling from
  the sky at the location of his tomb. It is
  removed to a site nearby where the relics are
  verified by the devout king Alphonso II, who
  would have a small wooden church erected over the
  tomb.

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Cathedral Chemin du San Jacques
ParisPilgrims would gather at this cathedral
to hear a mass specifically designed for a
pilgrimage. Their scrip and staff will be
blessed in a ceremony similar to the blessing of
the sword of the knights of old. This done they
would continue their journey, perhaps south, and
then west to Santiago de Compostela.

• Chemin french noun, path or road

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Travels

• Utilizing roads, by this time well
  delineated as a result of centuries of
  predecessors, a group of pilgrims would make its
  way south through the western regions of France.
  Stopping at villages, towns, and cities, many of
  which owe their size, if not their existence, to
  the fact that they are on the route of the
  pilgrim.
• 
  
• They will take shelter along the way in
  inns or hospices. They will visit shrines along
  the route. They may make a side journey to the
  site of a recent miracle.
• 
  
• Proceeding in this manner they will
  eventually reach the base of the Pyrenees which
  they will then ascend to the summit, their road
  having been joined by two others, and eventually
  a third, which have made their way through
  France.

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Camino de Santiago

• The map shows the four major routes through
  France. All eventually uniting in the northeast
  corner of Spain.

Camino de Santiago The Way of Saint James
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RoncasvallesNear the summit of the
Pyrenees the pilgrims will come to the Colegiata
of Our Lady of Roncasvalles a true starting point
of their journey along the Camino Santiago. The
site of an elaborate hospitale for both the
lodging and care of the pilgrims it also
encompassed this beautiful cathedral, a chapel
and a cemetery.
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Travels

• Once over the summit of the Pyrenees they
  will be in a region of Spain well accustomed to
  visitors. Here and the rest of their way through
  the northern regions of Spain, soon to be untied
  by Ferdinand and Isabella, they will find
  hospices a days journey apart maintained by monks
  where they will be fed and housed. They will
  cross rivers on stone bridges, which have
  replaced wooden bridges, which had replaced
  hollowed out trees as a means of transport over
  these natural barriers. In the less remote areas
  they will travel on cobbled roads maintained by
  kings soldiers for their benefit. They will
  visit significant shrines in major cities, go to
  mass, make their contributions.
  
• There they will also find markets and
  accommodations,
  inns and restaurants, and entertainments, who
  owe their success to these
  travelers. They are traveling through a
  part of the world that has
  recognized their value for centuries.

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Santiago deCompostela

• As a result of a myth. that became a
  legend some miracles that caused the building of
  a small wooden church over some remains tens of
  thousands of those who came before them and a
  long journey from Paris the pilgrims will arrive
  at this, the Cathedral Santiago. Here again they
  will participate in a mass, kneel at a shrine,
  make their offerings, and they will have a
  lifetime of sins washed away. Cleansed.
  Forgiven.

Compostela Field of the Stars
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Arriving on Feast Day, July 25th, the pilgrims
would have encountered throngs of people filling
this square in front of the cathedral..booths
and stalls set up for the sale of food and the
badges of the shrine more than one relic could
be worshiped at this site.groups of musicians
making merryand a cathedral so crowded as to be
unsafe. Their journey half complete
the pilgrims would reverse their course for the
trek home. They may hurl a badge into the river
as a symbol of the completion of the vigil. A
badge or ampulla possessing the magic of a relic
may cure a loved one or rest in a special
location in the home protecting the inhabitants.
Having come full circle they will return to the
life they had left months before.
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Cologne Cathedral

• In this magnificent cathedral of arches and
  stained glass lay the remains of the Three Magi.
  Those gift bearing travelers of biblical times.
  Their journeys through life and death did not
  end until they were brought to the site of this
  cathedral from Milan by the Holy Roman Emperor
  Frederick Barbarossa in the year 1164.

No context here this is just particularly
beautiful
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Bibliography

• Bugslag, James. Unknown. Local Pilgrimages and
  Their Shrines in Pre-Modern Europe. International
  Society for the Study of Pilgrimage Art 2, no. 1
  http//peregrinations.kenyon.edu/vol2-1/SpecialSec
  tion/Local_Pilgrimage_1_2.pdf (accessed October
  2, 2006).
• Danis, Jim. 2001. Theology of Shrines
  http//campus.udayton.edu/mary/respub/shrines.html
  (accessed September 29, 2006).
• Parish, Helen and Naphy, William G., eds. 2002.
  Religion and Superstition in Reformation Europe.
  Manchester and New York Manchester University
  Press.
• Nolan, Mary Lee and Nolan, Sidney. 1989.
  Christian Pilgrimage in Modern Western Europe.
  Chapel Hill and London The University of North
  Carolina Press.
• Turner, Victor and Turner, Edith L.B. 1978. Image
  and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture. New York
  Columbia University Press.

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Bibliography Cont.

• Sumption, Jonathan. Pilgrimage - An Image of
  Mediaeval Religion, Totowa, New Jersey Rowman
  and Littlefield, 1975.
• Marks, Claude. Pilgrims, Heretics, and Lovers,
  New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1975
• Hussey, Maurice. Chaucers World - A Pictorial
  Companion, London Cambridge University Press,
  1967
• Garcia, Michael. Medieval Medicine, Magic, and
  Water, Peregrinations, Vol.1, Issue 3 pages
  1-13. http//peregrinations.kenyon.edu/vol1-3.pdf
• Gower, Kathy. Pursuing the Chemin and the
  Coquilles St. Jacques in Paris, Peregrinations,
  Vol. 1, Issue 3 pages 1-10. http//
  peregrinations.kenyoncollege.edu/vol1-3.pdf
• Dagenais, John. El Camino de Santiago.
  http//www.humnet.ucla.edu/santiago/
• iagohome.html
• Dennett, Laurie. 2000 Years of The Camino
  Santiago Where Did It come From, Where is It
  Going?. http//www.csj.org.uk/2000-htm
• Catholic Encyclopedia, online, S.v. Legend of
  the Saints and James the Greater
• http//www.newadvent.org/eathen/091289.htm
• UK Detector Finds Database, http//www.UKDFd.UK/uk
  dfdata/showcat.php?cat62