International Development Overview

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International Development Overview

• Lecture 15
• Ian Williamson, Jude Wallace, Kate Dalrymple

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Lecture Overview

• Current Development Paradigm
• Projects
• Agencies of UN
• Country Development Assistance
  Organisations
• Non-Government Organisations
• Research Institutions
• Exam Question
• References

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Why consider the developing world?

• Because approximately 80 of the world population
  are represented in only 18 of the Worlds Gross
  Product.
• At international institutions it is not just a
  task, but also a privilege to be working with
  governments of developing countries.
• People are the same wherever they are.
• (James Wolfensohn, outgoing president of the
  World Bank)

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Development ? Projects ?

• Development means helping people to become more
  productive and to live healthier, fuller lives.
  As its people become more productive, a country
  is better able to trade with other countries to
  get more of the goods and services its people
  need. But development also means ensuring that
  countries plan their growth so that future
  generations will have the chance to live better
  lives as well.

• A project begins when a developing country
  identifies a need, designs a project (develops a
  plan) and asks for financial assistance (Bank
  loan etc).
• The assistance questions
• Will the project help the countrys economy?
• Will it benefit the poorest people and increase
  economic opportunities for women?
• Impact on the environment?
• Other sources of funding?
• Will the country maintain the project after
  funding?

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Improving the development agenda

• Major policy shifts - Sustainable Development
  objectives are a core emphasis
• Approaching development strategies with more
  transparency and accountability
• Organisational restructuring, decentralisation
  (localising project designs), partnerships,
  private sector
• Anti-corruption and good governance campaigns
• Millennium Development Goals driver
• Future cost recovery

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Land Policy Development
1975 1987
1990 1995 2000 2004
1987 Brundtland Report Sustainable Development
1995 Beijing Womens Rights
1992 Agenda 21 Rio Earth Summit
1989 ILO (No.169) Indigenous/Minority groups
recognition
2000 Millennium Development Goals
2002 Johannesburg World Summit on SD
Revised WB Land Policy
Kate Dalrymple, PhD research 2004
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• Overarching mandate of all development
  organisations is to
• Improve the livelihood of those in poverty
• Enhance economic growth and opportunities for
  recipients
• Ensure social stability and equity

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Projects

• Land Administration development focuses on
  broader task of poverty alleviation and
  sustainable development requiring large scale and
  long term solutions
• It does not necessarily address immediate crises
  emergency relief aid.
• It is not necessarily designed to address medium
  term issues reconstruction efforts.
• While development assistance may address some of
  the issues in these circumstances they are not
  considered the primary driver.

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Project Funding

• Multilateral/ Co-financing (AusAID/World
  Bank/Country Govmt)
• Bilateral (AusAID / Country Govmt)
• (ADB / AusAID)
• Long Term 5 yrs , 100 million
• Institutional strengthening
• Short Term 1-2 yrs, 5 million (Innovation
  Development Loan)
• Capacity building and project appraisals

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Source www.worldbank.org
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Agencies of the United Nations

• Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), Nairobi
• Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), Rome
• Working Group on Land Administration (WGLA)
  (previously, Meeting of Officials of Land
  Administration, MOLA) under the direction of the
  United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
  (UNECE)
• Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), Addis
  Ababa
• Department of Economic and Social Affairs
  (UNDESA), Division for Sustainable Development,
  New York (financial support for Bathurst
  Declaration on Land Administration for
  Sustainable Development, 1999).

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UN Habitat - Agency for Human Settlements

• Est.1978, reaffirmed status after Habitat II,
  1996
• Mandated by the UN General Assembly to promote
  socially and environmentally sustainable towns
  and cities with the goal of providing adequate
  shelter for all - Target 11 of Goal No.7 of MDGs
• to improve the lives of at least 100 million
  slum dwellers by the year 2020
• Global Campaign on Urban Governance
• Global Campaign for Secure Tenure
• Key functions policy and advocacy, research,
  monitoring and best practices, training and
  capacity building, technical cooperation.
• Land and Tenure Section focus and mandate are
• Implementation of land, housing and property
  rights, particularly women's secure tenure
• Affordable land management systems and pro-poor
  flexible tenure types

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UN Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO)
Themes Agrarian reform Agrarian
structure Cadastres Common property Indigenous
tenure sys. Individual land property Land access
Land administration Land information sys. Land
leasing Land management Land markets Land
policies Land reform Land registration Land
rights Peri-urban agriculture

• Est.1945, leader on international efforts to
  defeat world hunger, 1994 restructuring
• Sustainable Development Department, Land Tenure
  Division
• formulation of methodologies for
  government-assisted land tenure policies to
  improve access to land by disadvantaged groups,
  especially women
• formulation of market and private land
  transaction policies and institutional support to
  improve access by the poor for sustainable use of
  natural resources
• modifications of land tenure systems to promote
  rural development under indigenous and common
  property resource management
• land tenure regularization and land
  administration services.

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UN International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD)

• Seventy-five per cent of the worlds poorest
  people 900 million women, children and men
  live in rural areas and depend on agriculture and
  related activities for their livelihoods.

• IFAD is an international financial institution,
  est. 1977 (outcome of 1974 World Food Conference)
• Through low-interest loans and grants, IFAD works
  with governments to develop and finance
  programmes and projects that enable rural poor
  people to overcome poverty themselves.
• International Land Coalition
• Secure access to land, water and related
  productive assets is basic to lasting solutions
  to hunger and poverty. It results in greater
  productivity, increased family income and
  sustainable land use.

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UNDESA

• Department of Economic and Social Affairs
• Programme of technical cooperation
• DESA represents a crucial interface between
  global policies and national action and between
  research and operational activities.
• International agreements are translated into
  strategies at the country level, while lessons
  learned and experiences gained are fed back into
  the policy-making process.

• Regional Cartographic Conference
• UN Commission on Sustainable Development,
  resolution for PCGIAP
• Permanent Committee for GIS Infrastructure for
  Asia and the Pacific (PCGIAP) which was created
  by the United Nation Regional Cartographic
  Conference (UNRCC) for Asia and the Pacific
  (Statistics Division of UNDESA).

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UNECE - WPLA

• The ECE (Economic Commission for Europe),
  international organization through the Human
  Settlements Committee, defines and addresses
  issues of land administration in Europe
• Established in 1996 with the Meeting of Officials
  on Land Administration (MOLA)
• 1999 the Working Party on Land Administration
  (WPLA) was established to promote land
  administration through
• security of tenure
• establishment of real estate markets in countries
  in transition and
• modernization of land registration systems in the
  market economies.
• Regular Regional Workshops held
• Real Property Administration in Developing the
  Information Society, Vilnius (Lithuania), 23-24
  September 2004
• Development of Real Property Markets and Access
  to Mortgage Credits, Yerevan (Armenia), 6-7 May
  2004
• Land administration country reviews, Georgia
  Armenia (2001), Russian Federation of States
  (2003), and Lithuania (2004).

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International Organisations

• World Bank Groups (UN) IRBD, IDA, IMF, MIGA,
  ICSID
• Organisation with largest involvement in land
  issues from policy to implementation.
• Asian Development Bank (ADB)
• Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
• European Union Directorate General (EU-DG)

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World Bank Groups

• 5 closely associated institutions, owned by
  member countries carrying ultimate
  decision-making power. Each institution plays a
  distinct role in the mission to fight poverty and
  improve living standards for people in the
  developing world
• The International Bank for Reconstruction and
  Development (IBRD), est. 1945
• The International Development Association (IDA),
  est.1960
• The International Finance Corporation (IMF), est.
  1956
• The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
  (MIGA), est. 1988
• The International Centre for Settlement of
  Investment Disputes (ICSID), est. 1966.

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World Bank IBRD/IDA

• Agriculture and Rural Development
• Land Policy and Administration Division
• All regions for development
• Land Policy, Research and Advocacy
• Project Implementation and Funding
• Close collaboration with FAO and IFAD
• Example Projects
• Community-Based Rural Land Development Project,
  2004 Southern Malawi
• Farm Privatization Project, 1997 Azerbaijan
• First Cadastre Project, 1998 Moldova
• General Cadastre Land Registration Project,
  1998 Romania
• Land-Based Poverty Alleviation, 2001 Brazil

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Asian Development Bank

• Multilateral development finance institution
  dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the
  Pacific, through public sector lending
• Est.1966, now owned by 63 members, mostly from
  the region
• ADB raises funds through bond issues on the
  world's capital markets. We also rely on our
  members' contributions
• Major borrowers are Indonesia, China, Pakistan,
  India
• Land Project Examples
• Bangladesh, Land administration reform
• Mongolia, Cadastral survey and land registration
• Vietnam, Making land markets work for the poor

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Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

• Original initiative of Latin American countries,
  established in 1959 as a development institution
  for lending and technical cooperation programs.
• Economic and social development projects beyond
  mere financing customary at the time.
• IDBs programs and tools became the model on
  which all other regional and sub-regional
  multilateral development banks were created.
• IDB is the oldest and largest regional
  development bank.
• It is the main source of multilateral financing
  for economic, social and institutional
  development projects as well as trade and
  regional integration programs in Latin America
  and the Caribbean.

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European Union Development Fund

• Directorate General Development of the European
  Commission is responsible for bilateral and
  development cooperation relations with Africa,
  the Caribbean and Pacific.
• DG Development mandate is to enhance the
  development policies in all developing countries
  world-wide.
• Development Policy guidance and oversees the
  programming of aid in the ACP countries (Africa,
  Caribbean and Pacific) and the Overseas Countries
  and Territories (OCT).
• The Cotonou Agreement provides the framework for
  a 20-year partnership for development aid to the
  77 ACP countries.

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Country Assistance Development
Organisations

• National Government bodies for foreign affairs
  and development cooperation
• Australian Agency for International Development
  (AusAID)
• German Development Cooperation (GTZ)
• United State Agency for International Development
  (USAid)
• CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency)
• SIDA (Swedish International Development Agency)
• DFID (UK Department for International
  Development)
• Primarily funding bodies for development projects
• Expertise for project delivery is typically
  outsourced to consultants of the donor country
  (i.e. Land Equity)
• Capacity building large priority involving
  in-country nationals
• Exchange programs, Youth Ambassadors, Educational
  sponsorship

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Australian Agency for International
Development, AusAID

• Australian Government agency within the
  Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
• AusAID manages the Australian Government's
  official overseas aid program.
• Objective to advance Australia's national
  interest by helping developing countries reduce
  poverty and achieve sustainable development.
• Policy advice and support to the Minister and
  Parliamentary Secretary on development issues,
  and plans and coordinates poverty reduction
  activities in partnership with developing
  countries.

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GTZ German Development
Co-operation

• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische
  Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) an international
  cooperation enterprise for sustainable
  development with worldwide operations
• Financed by German Federal Ministry for Economic
  Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
• GTZ provides viable, forward-looking solutions
  for political, economic, ecological and social
  development in a globalised world. All our
  activities are geared to improving peoples
  living conditions and prospects on a sustainable
  basis.
• Our main focus in international cooperation is on
  so-called Technical Cooperation.

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Non-Government Organisations

• International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)
• Oxfam
• Development Gateway
• IUCN The World Conservation Union
• PACT Capacity building, CBNRM
• IAPAD Integrated Approaches to Participatory
  Development
• CBNRM Network Community Based Natural Resource
  Management (NGO web portal)
• id21 Communicating development research

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FIG

• FIG is an international, UN-recognised
  non-government organisation
• Their purpose is to support international
  collaboration for the progress of surveying in
  all fields and applications.
• Ensures professionalism and standards of
  discipline and responds to the needs of the
  community they serve.
• Founded in 1878 in Paris, the only international
  body that represents all surveying disciplines.
• Technical work led by 10 commissions

www.fig,net
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FIG Commission 7

• 4-year technical work programs, international
  exhibitions, seminars and workshops, regional
  conferences.
• Cadastre and Land Management concerned with
• Land management and administration cadastral
  reform and multipurpose cadastres parcel-based
  information systems and computerisation of
  cadastral records cadastral surveying and
  mapping land - titling, tenure, law and
  registration urban and rural land consolidation
  national and international boundaries land and
  marine resource management.

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Oxfam International

• Oxfam International is a confederation of 12
  organizations working together with over 3000
  partners in more than 100 countries to find
  lasting solutions to poverty, suffering and
  injustice.
• Policy and Advocacy involvement
• Development, Emergency Relief and Campaigns
• Conduct Research for Social, Economic and
  Environment Baseline Studies
• Oxfam Community Aid Abroad, Australias affiliate
  organisation

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Development Gateway Foundation

• Aim to improve peoples lives in developing
  countries by building partnerships and
  information systems that provide access to
  knowledge for development.
• Development portal which exploits powerful and
  affordable information and communication
  technologies (ICT) that were previously
  unavailable to
• Increase knowledge sharing
• Enhance development effectiveness
• Improve public sector transparency and
• Build local capacity to empower communities.
• DG is an independent not-for-profit organization.
  
• It was conceived by World Bank President James
  Wolfensohn and initially developed in the World
  Bank.
• Operations began in July 2001.

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Research Institutions

• The Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD),
  based in Lima, Peru
• Land Tenure Centre, Wisconsin Institute
• Technical University of Munich, Masters Program
  Land Tenure and Land Management (GTZ)
• Centre for SDI and Land Administration (Uni Melb)

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Exam Question

• Land projects assist many countries as part of
  their country development and poverty alleviation
  strategies.
• What is the impetus for using this land based
  project approach and who is involved?
• Justify your answer with examples.

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References

• www.unhabitat.org
• www.fao.org
• www.ifad.org, www.landcoalition.org
• www.unece.org/env/hs/wpla/welcome_wpla.html
• www.un.org/esa/desa.htm
• www.worldbank.org
• www.adb.org
• www.iadb.org
• europa.eu.int/comm/development/index_en.htm
• www.ausaid.gov.au
• www.gtz.de/en/
• www.fig.net
• www.oxfam.org, www.oxfam.org.au
• www.developmentgateway.org, www.iucn.org,
  www.pactworld.org, www.iapad.org, www.cbnrm.net
• www.ild.org.pe/home.htm, www.ies.wisc.edu/ltc/,