Todays Issues:

1
Todays Issues Southeast Asia, Oceania, and
Antarctica
Colonization and industrialization in Southeast
Asia and the Pacific have brought ethnic,
economic, and environmental challenges to the
region.
Women assembling tennis shoes in a factory near
Jakarta, Indonesia.
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2
Todays Issues Southeast Asia, Oceania, and
Antarctica
Aboriginal Land Claims
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
Industrialization Sparks Change
Case Study
Global Environmental Change
Unit Atlas Political
Unit Atlas Physical
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3
The Aboriginal people of Australia lost their
ancestral lands to European colonists.
Recently they have regained some of that land
through court cases.
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SECTION
Aboriginal Land Claims
1
Aboriginal People Lose Land
British Policy Australian Aboriginal people
didnt farm, herd animals like Europeans - hunted
and gathered depended on nature British
colonists saw no Aboriginal ties to
land - declared Australia Terra Nulliusempty
land - British government decided to take land
without making treaties
Continued . . .
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5
SECTION
1
continued Aboriginal People Lose Land
Stolen Land Europeans began settling in 1788
and chose most fertile regions Aborigines
fought invasion of their land, lost to superior
weapons - some forced onto reservestracts of
less productive land - others lived on edges
of settlements, adopted European ways
Image
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Aboriginal People Lose Land
Stolen Children From 1909 to 1969, 100,000
mixed-race children were taken - raised by white
families to promote assimilation - assimilationm
inority group gives up culture, adopts majority
culture Aborigines angrily call these children
the Stolen Generation
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7
SECTION
1
Land Claims
Hard-Won Victories Aboriginal people are not
recognized as full citizens until 1967 - in
1967, 91 vote to pass special Aboriginal right
s laws Land Rights Act of 1976Aborigines can
claim Northern Territory land - Aboriginals gain
ownership of reserves, other unoccupied lands
Chart
Continued . . .
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8
SECTION
1
continued Land Claims
The Mabo Case In 1992, High Court of Australia
rules in important land-claims case Eddie Mabo
is a Torres Strait Islander - his family doesnt
own their traditional lands in the Murray
Islands - but Mabos have worked the land for
generations In the Mabo Case, the court
upholds Mabos claim - recognizes that
Aborigines owned land before British
arrived - case overturns the doctrine of Terra
Nullius
Map
Continued . . .
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9
SECTION
1
continued Land Claims
The Wik Case Aboriginal Wik people claim land
used by ranchers, mining companies Government
tracts of land are rented to ranchers in pastoral
leases Whites feel that the pastoral leases
erase any native land claims In 1996 Wik
CaseAborigines can claim pastoral-lease land
Afraid of paying Aborigines for land use,
government amends Wik - wipes out many land
claims Aboriginal groups threaten lawsuits
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10
The growth of industry in Southeast Asia has
produced positive results such as new jobs and
higher wages.
The growth of industry also produced negative
results such as overcrowded cities and pollution.
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SECTION
Industrialization Sparks Change
2
Moving to Find Jobs
From Farms to Cities In struggle to escape
poverty, any job is better than none - even if
it means long hours, low pay, abusive managers
Growth of cities is linked to
industrializationgrowth of industry People
move to cities because of push-pull
factors - push factorsforces that push people
out of homelands - pull factorsforces that
pull people to a new place
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Moving to Find Jobs
Push Factors Lost resourcesrural soil
erosion, deforestation, water overuse Scarcity
of landin Philippines 3 of landowners hold 25
of land - 60 of rural families dont have
enough land to earn a living farming
Population growthas populations grow, land
shortages increase - farmers divide land among
heirsplots become too small
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Moving to Find Jobs
Pull Factors Industryopportunity for factory
jobs - many move to city temporarily, send
money home to rural area - in 1993, Filipino
workers sent home 2.2 billion - Thai workers
sent home 983 million Other benefitscities
offer education, government services - desire
for education is usually related to desire for
jobs
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Moving to Find Jobs
Impact on Cities Southeast Asian cities have
trouble dealing with numerous immigrants
Housing availability cant keep pacemany
immigrants live in slums Traffic increases due
to workers driving, trucks hauling
goods - creates more pollution,
particulates - in Bangkok, Thailand, 5,000 a
year die from breathing polluted air Most
cities dont have adequate sewage treatment
Image
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15
SECTION
2
Other Results of Industrialization
Economic Effects Several countries have had
rapid industrial growth since 1960s - results in
increase in trade and exports Growing industry
means higher incomes for some citizens - middle
class expands in some countries Income gap
between rich and poor remains high - few people
have wealth many live in poverty - leads to
rising crime rates, social unrest
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Other Results of Industrialization
Environmental Effects Industry damages
environment factories pollute air, water,
soil - burn fossil fuels, dump toxic materials
Hard to control pollution due to nature of
Southeast Asian industry - cities have thousands
of small factories - 30,000 in Jakarta,
Indonesia Industry uses up resources like
water and trees
Image
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Case Study
Global Environmental Change
How Have People Changed the Atmosphere?
BACKGROUND Human activities, like burning
fossil fuels, harm the environment Also, use
of chemicalschlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in
aerosol cans Scientists fear these activities
change the worldwide environment
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18
Case Study
Damage to the Environment
Global Warming Burning fossil fuels releases
carbon dioxide (CO2) into atmosphere - CO2 is
greenhouse gastraps suns heat Some
scientists fear atmosphere now has too many
greenhouse gases - CO2 emissions have increased
50 since 1970s - atmosphere might trap too
much heat, raising temperatures Many disagree
with global warming theory - say temperature
increases are natural
Continued . . .
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Case Study
continued Damage to the Environment
Ozone Hole Ozone layer is high in the
atmosphere - absorbs most of suns damaging
ultraviolet rays In 1970s, scientists found
thinning of ozone layer over Antarctica - called
it a hole in the ozone Chemicals like
chlorine in CFCs destroy ozone - many
governments restrict use of such chemicals - ot
hers delay passing laws because they are costly
for industry
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Case Study
Looking Toward the Future
Long-Term Effects Global warming fear small
temperature increase could melt ice
caps - rising seas may swamp coastal cities,
Oceanias low islands Warming might change
evaporation, precipitation patterns - create
violent storms like typhoons and increase
droughts - shift climate zones and agricultural
regions, upset economies Ozone hole lets in
more ultraviolet rays - cause skin cancer, eye
damage, crop damage
Interactive
Continued . . .
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Case Study
continued Looking Toward the Future
Taking Action In 1992, UN holds Earth
Summit 178 nations attend conference - discuss
economic development while protecting
environment In 1997, UN convention in
Kyoto, Japan, discusses climate change - writes
Kyoto Protocol and 165 nations sign
treaty - guidelines to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions U.S. signs treaty, but Senate
doesnt ratify it
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