New Immigrants, New Americans

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New Immigrants, New Americans

• Recent emigration from Latin America and the
  Caribbean
• Four Case Studies
• Dominicans, Haitians, Salvadorans and Columbians
• Contemporary emigration from Asia and the Pacific
  Islands
• Four Case Studies
• Indian, Korean, Filipino and Vietnamese
• Arab Americans
• Emigrants from Africa
• Primary and Secondary Labor Markets
• Ethnic Enclaves
• Segmented Assimilation

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Immigration Legislation

• Nationality Act of October 14, 1940
• Codified and revised the naturalization,
  citizenship, and expatriation laws to strengthen
  the national defense. The naturalization and
  nationality regulations were rewritten and the
  forms used in naturalization proceedings were
  revised.
• Agricultural Act of October 31, 1949
• Facilitated the entry of seasonal farm workers to
  meet labor shortages in the United States.
  Further extension of the Mexican Bracero Program.

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Immigration and Nationality Act of June 27, 1952
Brought into one comprehensive statute the
multiple laws which, before its enactment,
governed immigration and naturalization in the
United States. In general, perpetuated the
immigration policies from earlier statutes with
the following significant modifications

• Introduced a system of selected immigration by
  giving a quota preference to skilled aliens whose
  services are urgently needed in the United States
  and to relatives of U.S. citizens and aliens.
• Broadened the grounds for exclusion and
  deportation of aliens.
• Introduced the alien address report system
  whereby all aliens in the United States
  (including most temporary visitors) were required
  annually to report their current address to the
  INS.
• Established a central index of all aliens in the
  United States for use by security and enforcement
  agencies.

• Made all races eligible for naturalization, thus
  eliminating race as a bar to immigration.
• Eliminated discrimination between sexes with
  respect to immigration.
• Revised the national origins quota system of the
  Immigration Act of 1924 by changing the national
  origins quota formula set the annual quota for
  an area at one-sixth of one percent of the number
  of inhabitants in the continental United States
  in 1920 whose ancestry or national origin was
  attributable to that area. All countries were
  allowed a minimum quota of 100, with a ceiling of
  2,000 on most natives of countries in the
  Asia-Pacific triangle, which broadly encompassed
  the Asian countries.

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Immigration and Nationality Act, 1965

• Abolished the national origins quota system
  (originally established in 1921 and most recently
  modified in 1952),.Family reunification became
  the cornerstone of U.S. immigration policy.  
• Allocated 170,000 visas to countries in the
  Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 to countries in
  the Western Hemisphere. Each Eastern-Hemisphere
  country was allowed an allotment of 20,000 visas,
  while in the Western Hemisphere there was no
  per-country limit.
• This was the first time any numerical limitation
  had been placed on immigration from the Western
  Hemisphere. Non-quota immigrants and immediate
  relatives (i.e., spouses, minor children, and
  parents of U.S. citizens over the age of 21) were
  not to be counted as part of either the
  hemispheric or country ceiling.

• For the first time, gave higher preference to the
  relatives of American citizens and permanent
  resident aliens than to applicants with special
  job skills. The preference system for visa
  admissions detailed in the law (modified in 1990)
  was as follows
• Unmarried adult sons and daughters of U.S.
  citizens.
• Spouses and children and unmarried sons and
  daughters of permanent resident aliens.
• Members of the professions and scientists and
  artists of exceptional ability.
• Married children of U.S. citizens.
• Brothers and sisters of U.S. citizens over age
  twenty-one.
• Skilled and unskilled workers in occupations for
  which there is insufficient labor supply.
• Refugees given conditional entry or adjustment
  chiefly people from Communist countries and the
  Middle East.
• Applicants not entitled to preceding preferences
  i.e., everyone else.

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Immigration Reform and Control Act,November 6,
1986

• Authorized legalization (i.e., temporary and then
  permanent resident status) for aliens who had
  resided in the United States in an unlawful
  status since January 1, 1982 (entering illegally
  or as temporary visitors with authorized stay
  expiring before that date or with the
  Governments knowledge of their unlawful status
  before that date) and are not excludable.
•  
• Created sanctions prohibiting employers from
  knowingly hiring, recruiting, or referring for a
  fee aliens not authorized to work in the United
  States.
• Created a new classification of seasonal
  agricultural worker and provisions for the
  legalization of certain such workers.
• Extended the registry date (i.e., the date from
  which an alien has resided illegally and
  continuously in the United States and thus
  qualifies for adjustment to permanent resident
  status) from June 30, 1948 to January 1, 1972.
•  
• Authorized adjustment to permanent resident
  status for Cubans and Haitians who entered the
  United States without inspection and had
  continuously resided in country since January 1,
  1982.
•  
• Allocated 5,000 nonpreference visas in each of
  fiscal years 1987 and 1988 for aliens born in
  countries from which immigration was adversely
  affected by the 1965 act.

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CA Proposition 187, 1994

• An effort to curtail and control the flow of
  illegal immigrants. Policy would have given
  access to educational, health and other
  government services to legal immigrants only.
  Policy declared unconstitutional and thus never
  officially implemented.
• Many CA communities implementing similar policies
  in unofficial ways.

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Patriot Act, 2001 Immigration Provisions

• Subtitle B--Enhanced Immigration Provisions
• Sec. 411. Definitions relating to terrorism. Sec.
  412. Mandatory detention of suspected terrorists
  habeas corpus judicial review. Sec. 413.
  Multilateral cooperation against terrorists. Sec.
  414. Visa integrity and security. Sec. 415.
  Participation of Office of Homeland Security on
  Entry-Exit Task Force. Sec. 416. Foreign student
  monitoring program. Sec. 417. Machine readable
  passports. Sec. 418. Prevention of consulate
  shopping.
• Subtitle C--Preservation of Immigration Benefits
  for Victims of Terrorism
• Sec. 421. Special immigrant status. Sec. 422.
  Extension of filing or reentry deadlines. Sec.
  423. Humanitarian relief for certain surviving
  spouses and children. Sec. 424. Age-out'
  protection for children. Sec. 425. Temporary
  administrative relief. Sec. 426. Evidence of
  death, disability, or loss of employment. Sec.
  427. No benefits to terrorists or family members
  of terrorists. Sec. 428. Definitions.

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Real ID Act, 2005

• Affect the flow of Legal Permanent Residents
  (LPR)
• Eliminated 10,000 annual cap on asylee
  adjustments of states
• Recaptured 50,000 employment-based visas to be
  used for Schedule A occupations
• US workers must not be affected adversely by
  Schedule A LPRs (primarily medical field
  including nurses and PTs)
• Bars states from issuing drivers licenses to
  persons who cannot prove that they are citizens,
  nationals, permanent residents, or have lawful
  immigration status in the U.S. 

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Discussion Questions

• Migration Theories
• Push-pull
• Chain Migration
• Dominant-Minority Theories
• Noel
• Blauner
• Segmented Assimilation Theories
• For
• Against
• Labor Market Theories
• Primary
• Secondary

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In-Class Exercise

• Using one of the four group case studies,
  examine how one of the immigration laws presented
  tonight affected those groups.
• Which Migration theory applies to those groups
  and why?
• Which Labor Markets did your groups find and why?