14501750 Exploration Period

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Slave Systems and Slave Trade

• African kingdoms practice slavery Europeans
  offered to trade their goods for slaves, African
  traders accommodated them
• African slave hunters would capture Africans from
  other groups than their own and transport then to
  trading posts along the coast for European ships
  to carry to the New World
• Slaves were usually men and women captured in war
  whose labor led to surplus production and whose
  numbers amplified the armies of imperial
  expansion
• Male slaves went to Americas, Female slaves were
  sent to the Middle East and India
• Slaves born within the masters household were
  better treated than war captives or trade
  slavesoften as members of the family
• Slavery took many forms in Africapeasants trying
  to work off debts to those that were treated as
  chattel or property

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Slave Systems and Slave Trade

• Colonialism led for the need of increased labor
  in new founded territories
• In America the abundance of land put the
  maximizing land owner at the intensive margin for
  labor
• African trade was important piece of mercantile
  trade
• Great Circuit Europe-carried hardware, guns, and
  Indian cotton to Africa, then Middle Passage
  carried African slaves to the New World, then
  lastly, carried plantations goods from the
  colonies back to Europe

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Slave Systems and Slave Trade

• Spain was the first to introduce African slaves
  into the America
• First shipment of blacks arrive in Hispaniola in
  1502
• Spanish, British, Dutch, English, French,
  Portuguese participated in slavery
• Slavery also existed in Africa, Atlantic trade
  interacted with and transformed these earlier
  aspects of slavery
• African slaves were traded to two areas of the
  world the Western Hemisphere and Islamic lands
  in the Middle East and India

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Kongo and Portuguese

• In 1482 the Portuguese arrived on the coast
• Portuguese set up trading relationship with them
  in late 15th century
• Early sign of what contact with Europe was to
  bring to Africa
• Developed into a centralized state during 14th
  century
• The earliest such contact occurred in 1483 when
  the Portuguese explorer Diogo C o, reached the
  mouth of the Congo River
• Exchanged emissaries able to acquire knowledge
  of the other

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Kongo Ruler

• Christianize the Kongo peoples as early as 1485,
  people resisted entirely or incorporated
  Christian iconography into their own religions
• Kongo leaders were targeted for conversion by
  Christian missionaries
• Divisions between followers of Christianity and
  followers of the traditional religions
• Converted the Kongo kings to Christianity
• The ruler who came to power in 1506 took a
  Christian name, Afonso
• called on Portugal for support in education,
  military matters, and the conversion of his
  subjects to Christianity
• soon came into conflict with Portuguese bent on
  exploiting Kongo society

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Trade

• Portuguese traded textiles, weapons, advisors,
  craftsmen for gold, silver, ivory and especially
  slaves
• A primary source of slaves
• Knew how to work metal, including iron, economy
  based on palms

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Kongo and Portuguese

• Portugal began to turn its attention to the
  exploration of Asia and America, increase in
  interest in another of its colonies (Brazil), its
  interest in Africa decreased
• In 1526 the Portuguese were expelled, but the
  Kongo peoples were then invaded by the Jagas in
  1568, and the Kongo were forced to look to the
  Portuguese for help
• Never regained its former power
• Alternatively fought for and against the
  Portuguese
• Colonized in 1885

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Aztec Empire

• The Aztec Empires political system was a
  hierarchy, in which a Tecuhtli ruled.
• The class system was rigid and stratified.
• The Tecuhtli, or the lords, were at the top of
  the stratification system.
• Those at the top of the stratification system
  enjoyed spoils and privileges, and those at the
  bottom struggled to survive.

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Spanish Empire

• Spanish had a bureaucracy ruled by a king.
• The king was in charge of appointing a viceroy,
  or personal representatives.
• Spain had a very strict stratification system.
  Europeans born in Spain had the highest status
  and full blood natives were at the bottom of the
  stratification system.

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British Empire

• The British Empire had no elaborate bureaucracy.
• The British colonies set up their own
  representative governments.
• Slavery was common in the British colonies.
• British government formed partnerships with
  trading companies, and made huge profits.

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Incan Empire

• The Incan Empire was the largest empire in
  pre-Columbian America.
• The political and military center of the Incan
  Empire is located in Cuzco.
• The Incan political system was a federalist
  system.

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French Empire

• Frances political system was a monarchy.
• One very powerful monarch of the French Empire is
  Louis the Sun King
• During this period the French empire is plagued
  by a series of long religious wars.
• An ally of the French Empire was the Ottoman
  empire.
• During Thirty years war the Protestants and
  Catholics waged war.

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Portuguese Empire

• In 1415, Portugal gained its first overseas
  colony.
• Throughout the 15th century, Portuguese explorers
  sailed the coast of Africa establishing trading
  posts.
• Portugal's political system was monarchy.
• Their king was the same king as Spain.
• The Portuguese Restoration ended the Iberian
  Union.

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Characteristics of EuropeanAbsolutism

• The era of absolutism, exemplified by the Sun
  King Louis XIV, marks the rise of rulers in
  Europe who had absolute power over their nation.
• During the Sun Kings reign he maintained a
  powerful, and unified France.
• During the 1600s, mercantilist policies were
  adopted by most European nations.

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Rise of Absolutism in Prussia

• Prussia became the power in Northern Germany.
• Under Frederick William The Elector, Prussia
  became highly militaristic, with all aspects of
  the society bent towards the needs of the army.
• Frederick strengthened the Prussian army by
  enlisting Prussian citizens rather than
  mercenaries.
• Under Frederick there was a very strict social
  stratification.

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Important Link

• HaremRefers to the area where the Sultans women
  were kept. Included wives and concubines.
  Importance is found in the influence that the
  mothers of the sultans played in affairs. They
  had great influence in the Ottoman Empire.
• http//www.mspugh.net/Documents/specificterms.doc

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Mughal Empire

• Strong military
• Muslim rulers with centralized power
• Muslim authority over rebellious Hindu population
• Limited trade, inland capital
• New faith Sikhism - blend of Islam Hinduism

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