Civilization

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Civilization

• The Ancient World

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Georgia Performance Standards

• SSWH1 The student will analyze the origins,
  structures, and interactions of complex societies
  in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 50
  500 BCE
• a) Describe the development of Mesopotamian
  societies including the religious, cultural,
  economic, and political facets of society
  including Hammurabis Law Code

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Ancient River Valley Civilizations
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Time Line
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The Fertile Crescent
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Mesopotamia

• Sumer Akkad (3000 - 2000 BCE) 9 city-states
  sometimes allied sometimes not Invented
  writing Cuneiform
• Babylonia (2000 - 639 BCE) Code of Hammurabi
  civil law
• Assyria (1900 - 600 BCE)
• The first great military machine

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Urbanization

• Eridu, Eruk, Akkad, Shuruppak, Ur, Nippur,
  Sippar, Ashur, Ninevah, Babylonia
• All centers of religious and economic activity
• Some became capitals of kingdoms and empires

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Sumer

• Sumerians arrived from the east
• Lived in a series of city-states
• Developed building techniques using mud bricks
• Stacked their buildings

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Sumer The First Cities

• A great trading network
• Went well beyond subsistence agriculture
• Metallurgy for jewelry, tools weapons
• A highly sophisticated religion social
  structure

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Religion

• The religion of Mesopotamia was polytheistic
• Their gods and goddesses represented natural
  phenomena sun, sky, water, rain, fertility, and
  death

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Priests Priestesses

• The temples were centers of ritual worship
  sacrifice (practice not belief)
• They were also economic centers
• They were welfare providers
• They were closely tied to the ruling elites
• Naditum daughters of wealthy citizens dedicated
  to the gods living votaries
• They could own property but have no children

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Writing

• The Sumerians appear to have been the first to
  use a written language (3500 BCE?)
• Began as pictographs
• Called cuneiform (wedge-shaped) from the markings
  used to depict phonetic sounds

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A Critical Human Skill

• Writing was originally used for record keeping
  inventories
• Expanded to incorporate legal documents
  contracts
• Used by kings to honor the gods
• Eventually turned to the recording of literature
  sacred scripture, epic poetry, and history
• It was a time consuming and difficult skill to
  learn which meant the scribes were important
  people

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Science

• The early Mesopotamians developed skills in
  astronomy for both agricultural and astrological
  purposes
• Theirs was a Lunar calendar
• They divided the year up into 12 months and time
  into increments of 60
• They had mathematical methods for surveying land

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Akkad

• A land of Semitic speaking peoples
• Sargon I
• (2370-2315? BCE)
• Conquered the neighboring Sumerian city-states
• His city of Agade has not been found

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Babylonia

• They developed extensive administrative skills
• The Code of Hammurabi
• They wrote epic literature Gilgamesh
• They built on a monumental scale

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Assyria

• They were a Semitic people whose cities, Nineveh
  Ashur, lie on major trading routes
• They employed a large, efficient, and ruthless
  army
• They collected great libraries

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The War Machine

• Organized their army in divisions
• Made extensive use of cavalry and chariots
• Made weapons from iron
• Used terror as part of their strategy

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Literature Music
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The Indus River Valley

• Located in present day Pakistan India
• Earliest development around 3000 BCE
• Had contact with the Mesopotamian civilizations
• Only rediscovered in the 1920s

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A Large Regional Culture
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Mohenjo-dara
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Writing

• There are many examples of writing from this area
  but they have not been deciphered yet
• Examples have been found thousands of miles away

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Animal Seals

• Seals showing different kinds of animals have
  been found including this unicorn seal
• Apparently worn as badges of distinction
• Also used in trade?

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Artifacts
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G.P.A

• SSWH2 The student will identify the major
  achievements of the Chinese and Indian societies
  from 1100 BCE to 500 CE
• c) Describe the development of Chinese
  civilization under the Zhou Qin

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Ancient China
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Time measured in Dynasties

• Civilizations arose near major rivers
• Huang He (Yellow) and Chang Jiang (Yangtze)
• Xia 2000 BCE
• Shang 1500 1027 BCE
• Zhou 1027 256 BCE
• Mandate of Heaven

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The Landscape
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Organization

• Village networks organized around market towns
• Large walled cities arose for protection
• Irrigation projects required centralized control
• 2,000 people / sq. mile of cultivated land
• Developed a class of Mandarins

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Society

• Social structure
• Land Owners aristocracy
• Peasants 90
• Merchants looked own upon
• Developed writing and kept historical records
  Oracle Bones
• Developed early sciences - Astronomy medicine

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Inventions

• Silk
• Paper
• Metallurgy 48 foundries
• Wheelbarrow
• Compass
• Printing movable type
• Gunpowder

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The Silk Road
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G.P.S.

• SSWH1
• b) Describe the relationship of religion and
  political authority in ancient Egypt

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The Land of the Pharaohs
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Early Settlement

• The population of Egypt included both indigenous
  peoples and those who came later, forced out of
  the Sahara by desertification
• The valley was protected by natural barriers to
  east, west, south (deserts)
• Their civilization thrived in isolation
• Their lives were surprisingly stable why change?

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Upper Lower Egypt

• The Nile river floods on a regular and
  predictable basis
• Deposits new rich soil each time
• Egypt was initially two separate kingdoms Upper
  and Lower
• Current flows north but the wind blows south

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The Step Pyramid

• Early designs for pyramids were in step form
• These were impressive but not yet good enough
• Pharaohs were buried under the pyramid

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The Bent Pyramid

• Next design was also flawed
• The bases was not stable and so the walls could
  collapse
• Sloped the top in to take the stress off of the
  corners

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The Great Pyramids

• Final and greatest examples of what the Egyptian
  engineers and workers could accomplish
• Pharaohs buried in the tomb
• Due to problems with grave robbers pyramid
  building ended

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The Kingdoms

• The Old Kingdom (2700 to 2200 BCE) Pyramid
  building, the Pharaoh
• The Middle Kingdom (2050 to 1800 BCE) United
  upper and lower Egypt
• An expansion of the religion
• The New Kingdom (1600 to 300 BCE) Ramses II
  -1327 to 1237 BCE Exodus The flight of the
  Jews

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Egypt

• Hierarchical Society
• Large scale construction projects
• Pharaoh as divine
• Polytheistic religion
• Obsession with the afterlife
• Developed hieroglyphics

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Egyptian Religion

• Death the journey from the tomb to the
  afterlife Ka Life force Ba Soul
• Judgment weigh the heart against a feather
• Eternity if the heart balances, the Ka and the
  Ba reunite to form the Akh, or spirit, and
  reenter a paradise for eternity

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Osiris Ra
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Anubis Horus
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The Persians

• 539 to 333 BCE
• Cyrus II conquered Mesopotamia and Egypt
• Darius 522 to 486 BCE tried to defeat the
  Greeks but was defeated at Marathon, 490 BCE
• Xerxes 480 BCE invades Greece Defeated at
  Salamis by the Athenian navy
• Conquered by Alexander the Great 333 BCE