INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPTS OF

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INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPTS OF

• PATHOLOGY

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PATHOLOGY DEFINED

• INVESTIGATION OF DISEASE ADRESSING
• THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
• CHANGES

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AS P.T., WE ARE MOST INTERESTED IN

• HOW DOES DISEASE AFFECT ABILITY
• WHAT PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN
• WHAT MEASUREMENTS SHOULD WE TAKE
• HOW DOES DISEASE CHANGE RX PLAN

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DEFINITION OF HEALTH

• STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL
• AND SOCIAL WELL BEING NOT JUST
• LACK OF DISEASE

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HEALTH MAY ALSO BE VIEWED AS A CONTINUUM

• WELLNESS
• ILLNESS

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ILLNESS CAN BE DIVIDED

• ACUTE
• CHRONIC

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ACUTE

• RAPID ONSET AND SHORT DURATION
• PREDICTABLE

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CHRONIC

• PERMANENT IMPAIRMENT
• RESIDUAL PHYSICAL OR COGNITIVE DISABILITY
• CONDITION MAY FLUCTUATE

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CHRONIC CONDITIONS HAVE GREATER

• PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT

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DISABLILTY CLASSIFICATIONS

• IMPAIRMENT
• DISABILITY
• HANDICAP

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IMPAIRMENT

• ANY LOSS OR ABNORMALITY OF
• PHYSCHOLOGICAL
• PHYSIOLOGIC
• ANATOMICAL

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DISABILITY

• ANY RESTRICTION TO PERFORM AN
• ACTIVITY IN A NORMAL MANNER

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DISABILITY DESCRIBES HOW AN
IMPAIRMENT AFFECTS

• ACTIVITIES AT WORK, HOME, ETC

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HANDICAP

• IS THE DISADVANTAGE FROM IMPAIRMENT
• OR DISABILITY THAT LIMITS NORMAL LIFE ROLES

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COGNITIVE DISABILITY-5 TYPES

• EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
• COMPLEX PROBLEM SOLVING
• INFO PROCESSING
• MEMORY DEFICITS
• LEARNING DISABILITY

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THEORIES OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS

• BIOMEDICAL
• HOMEOSTATIC OR MULTICAUSAL
• GENERAL ADAPTATION
• PHYSCHOSOCIAL

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BIOMEDICAL

• DISEASE IS RESULT OF MALFUNCTION OF CELL OR ORGAN

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HOMEOSTASIS THEORY

• MANY INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO
  STATE OF HEALTH

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GENERAL ADAPTATION THEORY

• RESPONSE TO STRESSORS CAUSE ILLNESS

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PHYSCHOSOCIAL THEORIES

• ATTEMPT TO INTEGRATE
• PHYSIOLOGIC
• PSYCHOLOGIC
• SOCIAL

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HEALTH PROMOTION

• CONCEPT TRYING TO PROMOTE GOOD HEALTH

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DISEASE PREVENTION

• PRIMARY- REMOVING DISEASE
• SECONDARY- PROMOTE EARLY DETECTION
• TERTIARY-AIMED AT LIMITING ESTABLISHED DISEASE

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BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CONCEPTS RELATED TO
HEALTH CARE
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GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS

• INFLUENCED BY
• ACTUAL CLIMATE
• POLITICAL CLIMATE

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RACE VARIATIONS

• CERTAIN DISEASES MORE COMMON TO A RACE
• TAY-SACHS
• SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
• EARLY ONSET OSTEOPOROSIS

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Minorities frequently less likely to have access
to health care

• Poorer
• Language barrier

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People from different cultures in general respond
differently to disease
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Health care practioners cultural background also
influences access
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Age and gender variations
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The obvious-

• The older a person is the more likely that
  disease will be present

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The expected

• The different sexes have proportional different
  diseases

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The unexpected-

• Gender differences in response to disease

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Major point

• There are few differences in the physiologic
  responses to exercise between genders

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Variations in lifestyle lead to health differences

• Tobacco use
• Promiscuity
• Seat belt use
• Guns in the home

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Substance abuse causes health differences

• Tobacco-CO and nicotine
• Alcohol-changes sleep, delays wound healing,
  cause neuropathies, cause myopathies
• Stimulants increase perception of pain, increases
  excretion of Ca

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Eating disorders

• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia nervosa
• Obesity

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Domestic violence

• Frequently undetected
• Neglect can be unintentional

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Exercise and health

• Sedentary consequences
• Overtraining consequences
• Exercise addiction

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Stress affects health
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Physiologic responses to stress

• Tend to be sympathetic in nature
• If not relieved lead to health problems

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Stress can cause disease and

• Disease can cause stress

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Stress can play a role in psychogenic pain
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Stress can lead to musculoskeletal dysfunction

• Headaches
• Muscle pain

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Anxiety disorders affect health

• Symptoms are the same as sympathetic nervous
  system
• Can present as appearing life threatening

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Psycho physiologic disorders

• Physical symptoms caused by or exacerbated by
  psychological factors

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Somatoform disorder

• Physical symptoms that cause significant
  impairment without physical findings
• Nonintentional

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Factitious disorder

• Intentional or self induced symptoms for purpose
  of gain

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Chronic pain disorders

• 10-15 of population

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5 axis system for categorizing

• Anatomic region
• Organ system
• Temporal characteristics of pain
• Intensity ratings
• Etiology

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Chronic pain produces psychological changes
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Symptom magnification disorders

• Person magnifies symptoms for gain
• To get PT to pay attention
• For financial gains

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Mood disordersdepression

• Can be a normal response
• Unipolar depression or endogenous depression
• Bipolar depression

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Etiology

• Geneticprobably neurotransmitter
• Medicines
• Hormonal

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These people may be referred to PT secondary to
other complaints
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Treatment

• Antidepressants
• Lithium carbonate for bipolar

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Suicide is common

• All verbalizations should be taken seriously
  until proven otherwise