New Officer Orientation

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New Officer Orientation

• Reducing Recidivism Through Evidence-based
  Practices
• June 7, 2004

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What works in reducing or changing criminal
behavior?
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Lets Look at History

• 1970s Nothing Works
• 1980s Deterrence and punishment
• 1990s Meta-analysis What Works
• - Incapacitation with Treatment
• 2000s Evidence-based practices

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Best Practices, What Works, Evidence-based
PracticesWhat is the difference?
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Best Practices

• Based on collective, individual experience
• Not necessarily based on scientifically tested
  knowledge
• Does not imply attention to outcomes, evidence,
  or measurable standards often based on word of
  mouth evidence

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What Works

• Points to general outcomes
• High risk offenders
• Cognitive-behavioral approach
• Criminogenic needs
• Meta-analytic Review
• Analysis of large number of studies

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Evidence-based Practices

• Getting at a specific result
• Cognitive-behavioral treatment is effective in
  reducing recidivism with high risk offenders.
• Coercive treatment works in reducing substance
  abuse
• Is measurable

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Budgets can no longer support programs and
supervision practices that have not proven to be
effective.Thomas White
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National Institute of CorrectionsImplementing
Evidence-based Principles in Community Corrections
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Eight Evidence-Based Principles for Effective
Interventions
Measure Outcomes
Provide Ongoing Support
Provide Positive Reinforcement
Address Cognitive-Behavioral Functioning
Provide Quality Assurance
Target Interventions
Enhance Offender Motivation
Assess Offender Risk and Needs
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Assess Offender Risk and Needs
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Assess Offender Risk Need

• What predicts criminal behavior?
• Dysfunctional family relations
• Anti-social peers
• Substance abuse
• Low self-control
• Anti-social attitudes and values
• (Gendreau 1992 1997, Andrews Bonta, 1998,
  Harland, 1996, Sherman, 1998, McGuirre,
  2001-2002, Elliot, 2001, Lipton, 2000)

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Assess Offender Risk Need

• How do we measure these predictors?
• Risk Instruments
• Offender Screening Tool (OST)
• Field Re-assessment of the Offender Screening
  Tool (FROST)
• Modified Offender Screening Tool (M-OST)
• Need Instruments
• Adult Substance Use Survey (ASUS)

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Assess Offender Risk Need

• How should we use these results?
• Provides information to develop offender case
  plan
• Establishes supervision level
• Identifies targeted needs for intervention
• Provides baseline and measure of change in
  offender

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Assess Risk Needs

• Officer Responsibilities
• Review assessments with offender
• Incorporate into case plan
• Re-assess and measure change

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Enhance Offender Motivation
Assess Offender Risk and Needs
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Enhance Offender Motivation

• For lasting change to occur, there needs to be a
  level of intrinsic motivation
• Research strongly suggest that motivational
  interviewing effectively enhances motivation for
  initiating and maintaining change behavior.
  (Miller Rollnick, 2002 et. al.)

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Enhance Offender Motivation

• Officer Responsibilities
• Use evidence-based verbal and non-verbal
  communication skills
• Attending, reflections, summarizations,
  open-ended questions, etc.
• Explore offenders attitude toward change
• Avoid non-productive arguing and blaming
• Encourage praise, be optimistic

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Target Interventions
Enhance Offender Motivation
Assess Offender Risk and Needs
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Target Interventions

• Risk Principle Prioritize supervision and
  treatment resources for high risk offenders
• Need priniciple Target intervention to
  criminogenic needs
• Responsivity Principle
• Match treatment type to offender
• Matching treatment provider to offender
• Matching style and methods of communication with
  offenders stage of change readiness

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Target Interventions

• Dosage
• Evidence shows that high risk offenders initially
  need 40 to 70 of their time in the community
  occupied over a three to nine month period
• Incomplete dosage can have a negative effect and
  waste resources

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Target Interventions

• Treat Principles
• Proactive and strategic case planning
• Treatment, particularly cognitive-behavioral
  should be applied
• Targeted, timely treatment provides the greatest
  long term benefit
• Does not necessarily apply to lower risk
  offenders and can have detrimental effects
• (Andrews Bonta, 1998, Petersilia, 1997 2002,
  Taxman Byrne, 2001)

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Officer Responsibilities

• Based on risk needs assessment, make
  appropriate referrals to address needs
  (responsivity)
• Set appropriate limits and provide clear
  direction to the offender (Dosage)

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Address Cognitive-Behavioral Functioning
Target Interventions
Enhance Offender Motivation
Assess Offender Risk and Needs
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Address Cognitive-behavioral Functioning

• Cognitive treatment addresses deviant thinking
  patterns
• Behavioral modification programs are designed to
  shape and maintain appropriate behavior until
  they become habit
• Consistently found to be an effective
  rehabilitative strategy

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Address Cognitive-behavioral Functioning

• Officer Responsibilities
• Understand anti-social thinking and appropriate
  communication techniques
• Positively reinforce pro-social attitudes and
  behaviors
• Make appropriate referrals using evidence-based
  information

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Provide Positive Reinforcement
Address Cognitive-Behavioral Functioning
Target Interventions
Enhance Offender Motivation
Assess Offender Risk and Needs
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Provide Positive Reinforcement

• Research shows that people tend to comply in the
  direction of most rewards and least punishments
• Research indicates a ratio of four positive to
  every one negative reinforcement is optimal for
  promoting behavior change.
• Increasing positive reinforcement should not be
  done if it undermines swift, certain, and real
  responses for negative and unacceptable behavior

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Provide Positive Reinforcement

• Officer responsibilities
• Convey optimism that the offender can change
• Encourage and praise any evidence of pro-social
  behavior
• Reinforce offender change talk and self-efficacy

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Provide Ongoing Support
Provide Positive Reinforcement
Address Cognitive-Behavioral Functioning
Target Interventions
Enhance Offender Motivation
Assess Offender Risk and Needs
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Provide Ongoing Support

• Research indicates that successful interventions
  include the use of family members, spouses, and
  supportive others in the offenders environment to
  positively reinforce desired new behaviors
• Relapse prevention training should be part of
  treatment and supervision plan

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Provide Ongoing Support

• Officer Responsibilities
• Officers need to learn and apply relapse
  prevention techniques
• Identify and establish relationships with
  offenders positive support systems in the
  community
• Recognize triggers for relapse and make timely
  intervention

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Measure Outcomes
Provide Ongoing Support
Provide Positive Reinforcement
Address Cognitive-Behavioral Functioning
Target Interventions
Enhance Offender Motivation
Assess Offender Risk and Needs
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Measure Outcomes

• Documentation of case information and measuring
  outcomes is the foundation for evidence-based
  practices
• Measuring outcomes identifies whether your
  evidence-based practices are effective and
  achieving the desired results
• Critical component of the Countys business
  principles known as Managing For Results (MFR)
• MFR integrates planning, budgeting, and
  performance measurement

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Measure Outcomes

• Officer Responsibilities
• Maintain case documentation, written and
  automated
• Complete risk/needs assessment at least every six
  months, assess offender change and modify case
  plan accordingly
• Compile accurate statistical information
• Use outcome measures and statistical information
  to manage caseloads

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Eight Evidence-Based Principles for Effective
Interventions
Measure Outcomes
Provide Ongoing Support
Provide Positive Reinforcement
Address Cognitive-Behavioral Functioning
Provide Quality Assurance
Target Interventions
Enhance Offender Motivation
Assess Offender Risk and Needs
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Provide Quality Assurance

• Continuous process of feedback and analysis that
  ensures organization is effectively using
  evidence-based practices
• Performance measurement
• Staff development training
• Hiring practices
• Performance evaluation
• Policies procedures
• Etc.

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Provide Quality Assurance

• Officer Responsibilities
• Understand and apply evidence-based principles
• Attend training
• Ask for feedback and supervision/coaching
• Follow policies and procedures
• Become familiar with evidence-based practices
  literature
• Practice, Practice, Practice

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What else can you do to ensure the department
utilizes evidence-based practices?