Fruit

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Fruit
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Fruit development

• Ovule after fertilization develops into seed with
  embryo
• Ovary develops into fruit

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Ovary position

• Type of fruit is in part determined by the ovary
  position

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Development

• Development of the fruit is triggered by
  fertilization
• Parthenocarpy - fruit development without
  fertilization
• Banana, navel orange, pineapple, seedless grapes,
  some cucumbers
• Can be triggered by applying hormones to the
  stigma

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Stages of development

• Making of new cells
• Enlargement of the cells
• Accumulation of sugars and starch and other
  compounds
• Reduction of the accumulated compounds within the
  cells

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SIMPLE FRUIT
- arises from the single ovary of one flower.
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SIMPLE DRY FRUITS

• Dehiscent - opens when ripe.

FOLLICLE - develops from a simple pistil, opens
along one side, only. Milkweed, columbine,
larkspur.
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SIMPLE DRY FRUITS

• Dehiscent - opens when ripe.

LEGUME - develops from a single pistil, opens
along two sides. Bean, pea. A peanut is an
indehiscent legume.
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Legumes open on two sides
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SIMPLE DRY FRUITS

• Dehiscent - opens when ripe.

CAPSULE - develops from a compound pistil with
two or more carpels. Opens in a variety of ways.
Poppy, iris, daylily, jimson weed,
horse-chestnut, Brazil nut.
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Lily capsule
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Indehiscent - fruit does not open at maturity.

• ACHENE - small, one-seeded seed coat does not
  adhere to pericarp.
• Dandelion, sunflower, buttercup.

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GRAIN, or CARYOPSIS

• Seed coat is fused with pericarp.
• Corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, rice.

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SAMARA

• Usually one-seeded, has a wing formed by an
  extension of the ovulary wall.
• Maple, ash, elm.

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NUT

• A rather large, one-to-two-seeded fruit, bracts
  usually wholly or partially enclose the hard,
  stony or woody pericarp.
• Hazelnut, beech, oak, hickory.

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SIMPLE FLESHY FRUITS

• A portion or all of the PERICARP is fleshy at
  maturity.
• BERRY - always develops from a superior ovary
  entire pericarp fleshy at maturity.
• Tomato, grape, avocado, date, eggplant,
  persimmon, red pepper.

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Berries
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HESPERIDIUM

• Pericarp leathery, pulpy,juice sacs develop from
  inner carpel walls.
• Citrus fruits.

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Pepo

• Floral tube and pericarp (entire fruit) ripens
  fleshy - thick rind.
• Banana, squash, cucumber, muskmelon

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Berry from inferior ovary

• Sometimes called false berry since other parts
  of the flower contribute to the fruit
• Gooseberries, blueberries, cranberries, bananas,
  pomegranates

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DRUPE - PERICARP divided into three parts

• outer EXOCARP
• middle MESOCARP
• fleshy, and inner ENDOCARP
• a stone or pit enclosing a seed
• Olive, plum, peach, apricot, almond, coconut.

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Drupe
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SIMPLE ACCESSORY FRUITS

• fruit includes ovulary wall and other flower
  parts or closely-related structures. Most develop
  from inferior ovaries, include ripened floral
  tubes.

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POME

• fleshy receptacle, exocarp, and mesocarp
  endocarp leathery.
• Apple, pear

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AGGREGATE FRUIT

• Arises from a number of separate ovaries attached
  to the single receptacle of one flower.

Raspberry - simple fruits are drupelets, these
adhere to one another and are separate from the
dry receptacle.
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AGGREGATE - ACCESSORY -

• Receptacle becomes fleshy, becomes part of the
  fruit.
• Blackberry - drupelets adhere to elongated,
  fleshy receptacle.

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Strawberry

• Simple pistils ripen into achenes on fleshy,
  greatly enlarged RECEPTACLE.

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MULTIPLE FRUITS

• Develop from a number of individual ovaries of
  flowers grouped closely together. A fruit is
  produced from each flower, these fruits remain
  together in a single mass.

• Pineapple, mulberry, osage orange, breadfruit, fig

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