Use of DDGS in Swine Nutrition

1
Use of DDGS in Swine Nutrition

• CHINESE LIVESTOCK
• NUTRITION SEMINAR
• Sponsored by the US Grains Council
• 2007
• Dr. Bob Thaler
• South Dakota State University

2
References

• Research from South Dakota State University
• Dr. Jerry Shurson, University of Minnesota
• http//www.ddgs.umn.edu/
• Research presentations
• Dr. Kevin Herkelman, Land O Lakes Feed
• Research Presentation

3
Ethanol Plants in North America - June 16, 2004
Under Construction or proposed
Ethanol Plants
Shurson, 2005
4

• With the tremendous growth of the Ethanol
  industry, there are ever-increasing amounts of
  DDGS available for livestock rations
• Pigs require amino acids, not protein
• DDGS is a protein/amino acid source that can work
  in swine diets
• DDGS does have benefits limitations that must
  be considered when incorporating into swine diets

5
Variations in Nutrient Quality

• DDGS is a co-product, and like all co-products,
  there are some related concerns
• Nutrient variability digestibility
• DDGSs biggest obstacle
• 9 DDGS samples (Cromwell et al, 1993)
• Dry matter 87-93
• Crude protein 23-29
• Crude fat 3-12
• Lysine .59-.89
• Color light golden to dark brown
• Smell sweet to smoky or burnt

6
Dry Milling Process
CO2
Alpha amylase
Ground Cooked
Corn
Fermentation
Liqui-faction
Yeast gluco-amylase
Distillers Grains
Distilled
Separated
Thin Stillage Condensed Solubles
Ethanol
DDG S
7
DDGS Varies in Nutrient Content and
Digestibility, Color, and Particle Size Among
U.S. Sources
Shurson, 2005
8
Nutrient Variability

• - Lysine .78 average
• - However, from 6 samples from the same plant
• Lysine ranged from .65 to .97 (1998)
• 49 increase from lowest value
• From May 2002 to April 2003, 789 samples of DDGS
  were analyzed for protein and it ranged from 20.9
  to 37.7 at a commercial lab

9
Sources of Variation

• Variation in corn used
• Basically triple the nutrient value of corn to
  get the nutrient value in the resulting DDGS
• Corn with .23 lysine DDGS with .69 lysine
• Corn with .27 lysine DDGS with .81 lysine
• Type of plant Old vs New

10
DDGS Lysine at Plant A

• Plant A DDGS
• Average .73
• Minimum .70
• Maximum .77
• Std Dev. 0.02

Herkelman, 2004
11
DDGS Lysine at Plant B

• Plant B DDGS
• Average .76
• Minimum .66
• Maximum .82
• Std Dev. 0.04

Herkelman, 2004
12
DDGS Lysine at Plant C

• Plant C DDGS
• Average .80
• Minimum .69
• Maximum .88
• Std Dev. 0.04

Herkelman, 2004
13
Sources of Variation

• Within-plant variations
• yeast, temperature, etc
• Identify plants that have little variation and
  purchase from those plants
• Nutrient availability due to processing
• Over-heating has a tremendous impact on amino
  acid availability

14
Specifications for DDGS for Swine Diets

• Moisture maximum of 12
• Crude protein minimum of 26.5
• Crude fat minimum of 10
• Crude fiber maximum of 7.5
• Color golden (but darker DDGS may not be bad)
• Smell fresh, fermented, pleasant cereal odor
• Bulk density 34-37 lb/cubic foot
• Particle size coarse 10 max on 2000 mesh
  screen
• fine 15 max on 600
  mesh screen pan

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Nutrient Content

• Good P source but low in Ca
• DDGS from SD/MN plants contains .60-.70
  available P
• DDGS from SD MN new generation plants have
  higher nutrient contents for pigs than
  traditional plants
• Low quality protein for nonruminants
• In SBM, lysine makes up 6.4 of the protein
• In DDGS, lysine makes up 2.5 of the protein
• Concentrates a feedstuff with a poor amino acid
  balance digestibility (corn)

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How Do You Determine AA Digestibility?
17
Relationship Between DDGS Color and Amino Acid
Digestibility

• Dr. William Dudley-Cash
• FEEDSTUFFS July 3, 2006
• Poultry
• Reference Batal, A.B., and N.M. Dale. 2006.
  Journal Applied Poultry Research 1589-93

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Correlations Between L, b, and Digestible Amino
Acids
19

• This suggests that evaluating corn DDGS with a
  Minolta Chroma Meter CR-300 could be a useful
  indicator of quality (digestible amino acid
  content
• Dr. Batal recommends caution

20
NIR Calibrations for DDGS and Total Amino Acid
Concentrations
Nutrient R Rmsep, R2 CV, Lysine 0.89
0.064 .79 16.2 Methionine 0.81 0.044 .66
14.2 Threonine 0.73 0.046 .53
6.2 Energy 0.87 37 .76 1.9
R correlation between actual and predicted
values Rmsep prediction error R2 proportion
of the total variation explained by
calibrations CV, coefficient of variation
among DDGS samples
Shurson, 2005
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Mycotoxins

• Risk of mycotoxin contamination in high quality
  DDGS is very low
• Poor quality corn poor ethanol yields
• Corn supplied to ethanol plants is produced
  locally
• Corn produced in upper Midwest is has a low risk
  for mycotoxins (no aflatoxin)
• Must use thin layer chromatography (TLC) or HPLC
  for testing mycotoxins in DDGS
• ELISA and other methods result in false positives

Shurson, 2005
22
Fat Stability of DDGS

• Limited data
• Mexico
• DDGS monitored during transit and storage for 16
  weeks in a commercial feed mill in Jalisco,
  Mexico
• Temperature ranged from 2 to 28 degrees C
• Average high temperature 25 degrees C
• Average low temperature was 8.4 degrees C
• No rancidity was detectable

Shurson, 2005
23
Fat Stability of DDGS in Taiwan

• Study conducted at Lin-Fong-Ying Dairy Farm
• a commercial dairy farm located about 20 km south
  of the Tropic of Cancer
• DDGS was shipped from Watertown, SD to Taiwan in
  a 40 ft. container
• upon arrival in Taiwan, DDGS was re-packaged in
  50 kg feed bags with a plastic lining
• DDGS bags were stored in a covered steel pole
  barn for 10 weeks during the course of the dairy
  feeding trial

Shurson, 2005
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Dr. Yuan-Kuo Chen discussing DDGS sampling
procedures from storage bags with his
research assistant.
Inside of the covered, steel pole barn used to
store bags of DDGS and other forage and
feed ingredients at LFY Dairy.
Shurson, 2005
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Fat Stability of DDGS in Taiwan
Peroxide values acceptable for fat quality and there is no
oxidative rancidity.
Shurson, 2005
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Comparison of Phosphorus Level and Relative
Availability of DDGS for Swine(88 dry matter
basis)
Shurson, 2005
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Effect of Feeding Corn-SBM Diets With or Without
20 DDGS or Phytase on Fecal P Concentration ()
a
b
b
c
a,b Means with different superscripts are
significantly different (P Shurson, 2005
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Feeding Pigs

• Pigs require AA, energy, vitamins, minerals,
  water
• Variety of feedstuffs can be used in combination
  to meet goal
• Must be concerned with nutrient content
  digestibility, test weight, and contaminants

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Feed Use by Phase
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DDGS Incorporation in Swine Diets

• Total vs digestible amino acid basis
• Maximum DDGS inclusion rate 10
• if formulating on a total amino acid basis
• Much higher DDGS inclusion rates (10)
• if diets are formulated using digestible amino
  acids
• Total vs available phosphorus basis
• Formulating diet on an available P basis
  increases economic benefit and reduces P content
  of manure
• Properly sample each load of DDGS use a
  conservative digestibility factor to determine
  the amount of digestible nutrients

31
Appropriate Inclusion Rates
32
DDGS Sows

• 50 in gestation will work
• Benefit in systems that are floor feeding since
  eating is spread out over a longer period of time
• Start at a low inclusion level in lactation and
  monitor feed intake

33
Materials and Methods Nursery Experiments
(Shurson, 2005)

• Experiment 1
• Pigs weaned at 19.0 0.3 d of age
• Weighed 7.10 0.07 kg
• Experiment 2
• Pigs weaned at 16.9 0.4 d of age
• Weighed 5.26 0.07 kg
• Pigs were fed a commercial pelleted diet (d 0 to
  3 postweaning)
• Phase II (d 4-17) and Phase III (d 18 35) diets
  were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis.
• Diets contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 DDGS

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Effect of DDGS Level on Growth Rate (Experiment 1)
SE 33.8
SE 42.1
b
a,b
a,b
a,b
a
a,b
Phase (P Means not sharing a common superscript letter are
significantly different (P 35
Effect of DDGS Level on ADFI (Experiment 1)
SE 82.6
SE 46.9
Phase (P 36
Effect of DDGS Level on Gain/Feed (Experiment 1)
SE 0.06
SE 0.11
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Feeding High Quality DDGS to Grow-Finish Pigs
(Shurson, 2005)

• 240 crossbred pigs (approx. 28.3 kg BW)
• Grow-finish facilities at WCROC Morris, MN
• Blocked by weight, gender and litter
• Blocks randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diet sequences
• 5-phase feeding program
• 0, 10, 20, or 30 DDGS diets formulated on total
  lysine basis
• 24 pens, 10 pigs/pen, 6 replications/trt

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Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Overall ADG of
Grow-Finish Pigs
0 and 10 DDGS 20 and 30 DDGS (P 39
Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Overall ADFI of
Grow-Finish Pigs
No significant differences among dietary
treatments
40
Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Overall G/F of
Grow-Finish Pigs
0 , 10 and 20 DDGS 30 DDGS (P 41
Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Carcass Weight
0 and 10 DDGS 20 and 30 DDGS (P 42
Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Carcass Lean
No significant differences among dietary
treatments
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Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Carcass Loin
Depth
Linear decrease with increasing dietary level of
DDGS (P 44
Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Carcass Backfat
Depth
No significant differences among dietary
treatments
45
Muscle Quality Characteristics from G-F Pigs Fed
Diets Containing 0, 10, 20, and 30 DDGS
a 0 black, 100 white b 1pale pinkish
gray/white 2grayish pink 3reddish pink
4dark reddish pink 5purplish red 6dark
purplish red c 1 soft, 2 firm, 3 very
firm d Visual scale approximates intramuscular
fat content (NPPC, 1999) e Total moisture loss
11-d purge loss 24-h drip loss cooking loss
46
Fat Quality Characteristics of Market Pigs Fed
Corn-Soy Diets Containing 0 to 30 DDGS
Means within a row lacking common superscripts
differ (P 47
Japan Scientific Feeds AssociationSwine Feeding
Trial Sponsored by USGC

• K. Suga, Y. Hashimoto, M. Hanazuni and C.
  Yonemoci
• JSFA Feed Research Center near Narita, Chiba
  Prefecture
• 50 Large White x Duroc pigs (25 gilts 25
  barrows)
• 3-Phase Feeding program
• 30-50 kg
• 51- 70 kg
• 71- 110 kg

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Treatments

• 0 DDGS 30-110 kg BW 0-0
• 10 DDGS 30-70 kg BW 10-0
• 15 DDGS 30-70 kg BW 15-0
• 20 DDGS 30-70 kg BW 20-0
• 10 DDGS 30-110 kg BW 10-10
• Diets formulated to meet requirements published
  in Japanese Feeding Standards for Swine (2005)

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Results

• No differences in overall growth rate, feed
  intake, feed conversion, or days to market
• No differences in carcass weight, dressing , or
  fat thickness
• Lightness or darkness of muscle and fat color
  (L) were not affected by treatment

50
Results

• No differences for redness of muscle color (a)
• Barrows fed 20-0 DDGS diets had higher
  yellowness of color (b) of muscle than 10-0 trt
• No differences in a and b fat color for barrows
• Gilts fed 10-0 DDGS had higher a than the 15-0
  and 20-0 pigs, and higher b than 0-0

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Summary

• Consistent results with other studies
• 10 DDGS throughout the entire grow-finish phase
  resulted in acceptable growth performance,
  carcass composition, and muscle fat color to
  meet Japanese pork quality standards

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Health Benefits?

• Many producers have reported that including 10
  or more DDGS is effective in controlling ileitis
  and Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome

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What is Ileitis?

• Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy
• Caused by Lawsonia intracellularis
• Present in 96 of U.S. swine herds (Bane et al.,
  1997)
• 28 of pigs affected (NAHMS, 2000)
• Can be shed in infected pigs for up to 10 weeks
• Animals are infected by oral contact with feces
  from animals shedding the bacteria
• 7-10 days after infection
• Lesions of the intestinal wall begin to form
• Lesions maximized around 21 days post-infection

Shurson, 2005
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Shurson, 2005
55
Healthy Ileitis
Shurson, 2005
56
Controlled Research

• U of MN observed DDGS additions
• helped maintain small intestine integrity
• No differences in growth, morbidity, or mortality
• SDSU repeated the trial at a different site

57
Protocol

• Ninety-five, 17 d old gilts were allotted to one
  of 5 trts
• No history of ileitis, PPRS, and APP
• Fed a common commercial diet for 4 d before fed
  the experimental rations
• 7-phase feeding program

58
Dietary Treatments

• Corn-SBM No Challenge
• Corn-SBM Challenge
• DDGS (20) Challenge
• Soy hulls (5) Challenge
• Tylan (100-40-20) Challenge

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Protocol

• 4-weeks after starting experimental trts, 80 pigs
  were challenged with Lawsonia intracellularis at
  a rate of approximately 108 (approximately 10
  dilution)
• Measured fecal shedding of Lawsonia on days 0,
  14, 21, 28
• Recorded fecal scores 3x/wk for 28 days
  post-challenge

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Effect of Challenge on Growth Rate
b
a
a,b Different superscripts indicate difference
between treatment groups (P 61
Effect of Challenge on Growth Rate
Trt P.02
b
a
Trt P.02
a
a
b
a
a
a
a,b Different superscripts indicate difference
between treatment groups (P 62
Effect of Diet on Fecal Shedding via PCR Analysis
a
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
a,b Different superscripts indicate difference
between treatment groups (P 63
Conclusion

• Tylosin additions were effective in partially
  alleviating the negative effects of a Lawsonia
  intracellularis challenge
• Dietary additions of DDGS (20) or soy hulls (5)
  did not alleviate the negative effects of a
  Lawsonia intracellularis challenge

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Health Benefits?

• Two anecdotes do not make one fact
• Veterinarians report that DDGS is effective
  against ileitis/HBS about only 50 of the time
• There are some commercial producers with
  excellent records who show a definite health
  benefit from DDGS
• Use caution when applying an economic value to
  DDGSs health benefits until they can be
  quantified

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Economic Calculations

• Using Excel spreadsheet at http//ars.sdstate.edu
  /SwineExt/ddgs.htm
• You enter in prices for
• Corn
• SBM
• Dical Phos
• Limestone
• It gives you the equivalent price for DDGS
  included at 10 of the diet

66

• Shurson, 2005
• Thumb rule
•  
• Additions/1000 kg diet
•  
• 100 kg DDGS x ______ /kg ______
• 1.5 kg limestone x ______ /kg ______
• TOTAL ADDITIONS (A) ______
•  
• Subtractions/1000 kg diet
•  
• - 88.5 kg corn x ______ /kg ______
• - 10 kg SBM (44) x ______ /kg ______
• - 3 kg dical. phos. x ______ /kg
  ______
• TOTAL SUBTRACTIONS (S) ______
•  
• (S A) Feed cost savings/ton by adding 10
  DDGS to the diet

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DDGS Conclusions

• High Quality DDGS is a good feedstuff for swine
• Due to its poor amino acid quality
  availability, diets must be balanced on an
  available lysine basis
• There may be a health benefit for ileitis from
  DDGS but it is not consistent

68
DDGS Conclusions

• Nutrient variability is a major problem with DDGS
• Variability can be controlled by establishing a
  standard specification sheet identifying
  suppliers of a consistent, high quality product
• Once the nutritional parameters are met, the
  decision whether or not to use DDGS is strictly
  an economical one

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• Thank You