Antimicrobial Vaccines

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Antimicrobial Vaccines

• Chapter 15

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IMMUNITY

• Lowers rate of spread
• Lowers incidence
• Disease if present is diminished
• Vaccination to increase immunity
• Small pox and zero incidence
• Herd immunity
• Immunity in most of a population
• Immunization of a population that stops the
  spread of the infectious agents
• Reduce the number of susceptible hosts
• 70 immunitypopulation immunity

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Acquired Immunity

• Immunity you develop to a specific antigen
• Active vs. Passive immunity
• Naturally acquired immunity
• Active
• Passive
• Transplacental or via colostrum
• Artificially acquired immunity
• Active
• Vaccination
• Passive

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But.

• Vaccine-preventable diseases still occur
• Developing countries
• Negligence

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Types of Vaccines

• Four types
• Passive Immunization
• Active Immunization
• Inactivated Vaccines
• Live Vaccines

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Inactivated Vaccines

• Inactivated whole-agent vaccines
• Dead microbes
• Advantage
• Safer
• Disadvantage
• Requires booster
• Ex. Rabies, polio, influenza

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Inactivated Vaccines

• Toxoid
• Inactivated toxin
• Require boosters ever 10 years
• When was your last booster?
• Ex. Tetanus and Diptheria
• Subunit
• Antigenic fragments
• Recombinant vaccine
• Hepatitis B
• Safe

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Inactivated Vaccines

• Conjugated vaccines
• Combined antigens with protein
• For children under two with poor response to
  capsular polysaccharides
• Ex. Haemophilus influenzae
• Nucleic acid vaccines
• DNA vaccines
• Experimental development

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Live Vaccines

• Attenuated whole-agent vaccines
• Live, but weak microbes
• Advantage
• Doesnt usually require boosters
• Disadvantage
• Weak microbes ? mutations
• Mutant reversal could cause danger
• Not for immunocompromised individuals
• Ex. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)

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Future Directions

• Nucleic acid vaccines
• DNA vaccines
• Experimental development
• Other Developments
• 75 new vaccines being developed
• AIDS, Malaria, and Cancer
• Improvements in old vaccines
• Adjuvants
• Improvements in delivery (pressure gun, in food,
  patches, etc)
• Safer vaccines

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Childhood Vaccine Schedule