Shifting Kingdoms

1
Shifting Kingdoms
Lumpers
Splitters
2
How Many Kingdoms?
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with Prokaryotes only
Original Cell
3
How Long Ago?
Extant
Plants
Land!
Multicellular
First Eukaryotes
Extinct
Cyanobacterial Oxygen
Long Time with Prokaryotes only
Origin of Life
Original Cell
4
Evidence Categories

• History - clearer recently, more obscure
  anciently
• Fossils - stratigraphic depth, isotope decay,
  etc.
• Chemical - metabolic products such as O2, Ss
• Molecular - DNA sequence alterations, etc.
• Developmental sequences - onto- phylo- geny
• Biogeography - Pangea, Gondwana Laurasia

5
How do we know the Evolution Pathway?
Phylogenetic Systematics

• Inferences from comparison of extant organisms
• Characters-Attributes of the organism
• Anatomy
• Morphology
• Development
• Physiology
• Macromolecule Sequences
• Polarizing Character States
• Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants
• Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives
• Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms
• Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism
• Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup