Title: Presentations for Exam III
1Presentations for Exam III
2CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- ANGIOLOGY study of blood vessels
3Functions of blood
- In transport
- 02
- C02
- food
- wastes,
- hormones
- In temperature regulation
- In control of pH
4Functions of blood
- In control of water balance
- In defense against infection
- Blood Vascular System
5Blood
- General characteristics
- pH7.35
- Viscosity- 4 ½ to 5 ½ times the viscosity of
water - Temperature- 38o C or 100o F
- General composition of blood
- Plasma 55 volume
- Formed elements (corpuscles)
- 45 volume hematocrit
6omponents of Whole Blood
Plasma(55 of whole blood)
Buffy coatleukocyctes and platelets(whole blood)
Formed elements
Erythrocytes(45 of whole blood)
Withdraw blood and place in tube
Centrifuge
1
2
Figure 17.1
7Components of plasma
- Water 90
- Dissolved substances 10
- Non-protein components
- Nutrients
- gases
- lactic acid
- ions
8Components of plasma
- Blood proteins
- Albumin
- exert osmotic pressure
- carrier
- Globulins
- gamma antibodies
- Fibrinogen clotting protein
- Prothrombin clotting protein
- Plasminogen plasmin dissolves clots
9Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Figure 17.3
10(No Transcript)
11Summary of Formed Elements
Table 17.2
12Summary of Formed Elements
13Types of cells (corpuscles/Formed Elements)
14Erythrocytes (red cells)
- Structure
- Anucleate
- biconcave
- Hemoglobin
- Oxyhemoglobin
- carbaminohemoglobin
- Reduced hemoglobin
15Erythrocytes (red cells)
- Function
- Transport oxygen
- Transport carbon dioxide
- buffers
- Life cycle
- Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
- erythropoietin produced in response to hypoxia
- Production 35 days
- Life span 3 months
16Leucocytes (white blood cells)
17Agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes
- B-lymphocytes plasma cells produce antibodies
- T-lymphocytes
- function in cell mediated immunity
- contain CD4 lymphocytes destroyed by aids
- Monocytes Macrophage phagocytes
18Granulocytes
- Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leucocytes)
- Microphage phagocytes
- Acidophils (eosinophils)
- Antihelmintic
- phagocytize immune complexes
- Basophils
- Secrete histamine and heparin
- Secrete histamine and heparin
- Like (are?) the tissue mast cells
19Leucocyte
- Functions generally function in immunity
20Formation of Leukocytes
Figure 17.11
21Leucocyte
- Life cycle
- Myeloblast
- stem cell for
- granulocytes live less than ten (10) days
- monocytes live several months
- Lymphoid stem cell
- give rise to lymphocytes
- lymphocytes may live from a few days to decades
22Thrombocytes (blood platelets)
- Fragments of megakaryocytes
- Function
- Form platelet plug
- Produce platelet factor (PF3)
- helps to form platelet thromboplastin
- Life cycle
- Myeloid stem cell ? megakaryocyte ? platelet
- Life span 7-12 days
23Coagulation Illustrated
Figure 17.13a
24Blood clotting
- Substances in blood that are involved in clotting
- Calcium necessary for thrombokinase synthesis
- Thrombokinase (thromboplastin, cephalin etc.)
enzyme for prothrombin conversion - Prothrombin thrombin
- Fibrinogen ? fibrin under thrombin enzymatic
direction - Substances in blood that inhibit clotting
- Antithrombin
- Antiprothrombin (heparin)
25ABO Blood Groups
Table 17.4
26Blood Typing
27Heart
- Blood pump
- Location
- Dorsal to sternum
- Between ribs two and seven
28Heart Anatomy
Figure 18.1
29(No Transcript)
30Pericardial Layers of the Heart
Figure 18.2
31Heart Layers (Tunics)
- Endocardium
- Endothelium
- Innermost layer of heart
32Heart Layers (Tunics)
- Myocardium
- Medial layer of wall
- cardiac muscle
- Epicardium (Pericardium)
- Visceral
- Outer layer of heart
- Parietal
- Sac which contains the heart
- Fibrous
- Connective tissue reinforcement for parietal
pericardium
33External Heart Anterior View
Figure 18.4b
34External Heart Posterior View
Figure 18.4d
35Gross Anatomy of Heart Frontal Section
Figure 18.4e
36Heart Chambers
- Right atrium
- Functions
- General receiving chamber
- Empties into right ventricle
37Heart Chambers
- Structures
- Fossa ovalis Depression remnant of foramen
ovalis - Superior vena caval orifice opening from
superior vena cava - Inferior vena caval orifice opening from
inferior vena cava - Coronary sinus orifice Opening from coronary
sinus
38Heart Chambers
39Atrioventricular Valve Function
Figure 18.9
40Right ventricle
- Functions
- Receives blood from right atrium
- Pumping chamber to lungs
41Right Ventricle
- Structures
- Right atrioventricular orifice
- Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
- Entrance into right ventricle
- Prevents backflow into atria
42Right ventricle
- Structures
- Papillary muscles Anchor chordae tendineae
- Chordae tendineae connect valve to papillary
muscles - Pulmonary trunk orifice Opening for ventricular
drainage into pulmonary artery - Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Valve into pulmonary trunk
- Prevents backflow into right ventricle
43Left atrium
- Functions
- Receiving chamber from lungs
- Pulmonary vein orifices Opening between left
atrium and pulmonary veins
44Left ventricle
- Functions
- receives blood from left atrium
- Ejects it into aorta
45Left ventricle
- Structures
- Left atrioventricular orifices opening into
ventricle - Left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve
- Controls flow between left atrium and ventricle
- Papillary muscles
- Anchor chordae tendineae
46Left ventricle
- Structures
- Chordae tendineae Anchor AV valve to papillary
muscles - Aortic Orifice opening between left ventricle
and aorta - Aortic semilunar valve controls opening from
left ventricle into aorta
47Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs
Figure 18.5
48Pulmonary Circulation
Figure 19.17b
49Aorta and Major Arteries
Figure 19.19b
50Arteries of the Head and Neck
Figure 19.20b
51Arteries of the Brain
Figure 19.20d
52Blood Vessel Comparison
53Arteries of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
Figure 19.21b
54Arteries of the Abdomen
Figure 19.22b
55Arteries of the Abdomen
Figure 19.22c
56Arteries of the Abdomen
57Arteries of the Lower Limbs
Figure 19.23b, c
58Arteries
- Deliver blood from heart
- Injecting vessels for embalming
- Arterioles-Small arteries
59Three Arterial layers (tunics)
- Tunica intima (internal)
- Endothelium
- innermost layer of vessel
- Tunica media
- Middle layer
- Smooth muscle
- Thicker in arteries than in veins
- Tunica adventitia (externa)
- Outer layer
- Collagen fibers
60Capillaries
- Exchange blood vessels
- structure
- Endothelium
- continuous with that of connecting veins and
artery - Connective tissue- Anchors capillary
61Veins
- Vessels which, for the most part, deliver blood
from capillaries to the heart - Drainage vessels in embalming
62Three Venus layers (tunics)
- Tunica intima (internal)
- Endothelium
- innermost layer of vessel
- Tunica media
- Middle layer
- Smooth muscle
- Thicker in arteries than in veins
- Tunica adventitia (externa)
- Outer layer
- Collagen fibers
63Vasa vasorum
- Arterioles and venules of arteries and veins
64CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Pulmonary circulation
- Circuit from right ventricle ? Lungs ? Left
atrium - Blood
- Dumps carbon dioxide
- Loads oxygen
65CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Systemic circulation
- Circuit from left ventricle ? body? right atrium
- Dumps oxygen and loads carbon dioxide
66CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Other structural features
- Anastomoses Two or more arteries join to form
one - Collateral circulation an alternative
circulatory route
67Aorta
- Largest artery
- Most arteries branch from aorta
- Location
- Parallel to inferior vena cava
- On left ventral vertebral column
68Ascending aorta
- Posterior to pulmonary trunk
- Emerges from left ventricle at level of FOURTH
rib - Ascends two inches (5 cm) to second rib
- Aortic valve
- Semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta
- Origin of coronary arteries
- At emersion aorta from heart
69THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM
- Arch of the aorta
- Begins at sternal angle (second rib) and ends at
T4 (same level) - Three branches
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Left Common carotid artery
- Left subclavian artery
70Brachiocephalic artery
- First branch of arch
- Behind Manubrium from first right intercostal
space superior to clavicle - Supplies right shoulder, arm, head, neck
71Right subclavian artery
- Branch of brachiocephalic
- supplies right shoulder
72Arteries
- Right vertebral a.
- Ascends in the transverse foramina to supply
brain - Basilar a.
- Formed by anastomosis of vertebral arteries
- Bifurcates to form posterior cerebral arteries
- Right int. thoracic a.
- Supplies ventral ribs
73Arteries
- Right axillary a.
- Continuation of subclavian artery in the in
armpit - Right brachial artery
- Continuation of axillary in the in the bicipital
groove - Supplies biceps
- r. deep brachial a.
- Supplies triceps
- Rt. radial a.
- Supplies area of radius bone
74Arteries
- deep palmar arch
- Supplies dorsal metacarpal area
- Rt. digital a.-Supplies fingers
- Rt. ulnar a.
- Supplies area of ulna bone
- superficial palmar arch
- Supplies dorsal metacarpal area
- Rt. digital a.-Supplies fingers
75Arteries
- Right common carotid artery
- Supplies neck and head
- Right external carotid artery
- Supplies superficial head
- Right facial artery
- Supplies anterior face
- Superficial temporal a.
- Supplies most of scalp
76Arteries
- Maxillary artery
- Supplies jaws, nasal cavity
- Posterior auricular a.
- Supplies scalp behind ear
77Arteries
78Arteries
- Right internal carotid a.
- Supplies brain
- Penetrates carotid canal of temporal bone
79Arteries
- Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)-Nine
vessels at base of brain stem - Int. carotid a.-Forms three branches
- Post. communicating a.-2 Connections to
posterior cerebral arteries - Post. cerebral a.- 2 Supply occipital lobes
- Ant. cerebral a.- 2 Supply frontal lobe
- Ant. communicating a. - 1 Connects two anterior
cerebrals
80Arteries
- Left Common carotid artery
- Second branch of arch
- branches same as right side
81Arteries
- Left subclavian artery
- Third branch of arch
- branches and continuations same as right.
82Arteries
- Descending Thoracic aorta
- Superior to diaphragm
- Branches
- Bronchial arteries Supply lungs and bronchi
- Pericardial arteries Supply pericardium
- Esophageal arteries Supply esophagus
- Intercostal arteries Supply inferior ribs 1-11
- Subcostal arteries Supply inferior 12th ribs
- Superior phrenic arteries Supply superior
diaphragm
83Abdominal aorta
- Inferior to diaphragm
- Branches
- Inferior phrenic arteries Supply bottom of
diaphragm - Celiac trunk
- Three branches
- Branches
- Left gastric artery Supplies stomach
- Splenic artery Supplies spleen
- Common hepatic artery Supplies
- liver,
- stomach,
- duodenum
84Abdominal aorta
- Superior mesenteric artery Supplies
- Jejunum
- Ileum
- ascending and transverse colon
- beginning 1/3 descending colon
- Inferior mesenteric artery Supplies
- distal 2/3 descending colon
- sigmoid colon
85Abdominal aorta
- Middle suprarenal arteries Supply adrenal gland
- Renal arteries Supply kidneys
- Testicular or ovarian arteries Supply
ovaries/testes - Lumbar arteries Supply posterior abdominal wall
86Abdominal aorta
- Middle sacral artery supplies sacrum and coccyx
- Common iliac arteries Terminal Branches of aorta
at L4 - Internal iliac arteries Supply pelvis and
gluteal muscles - External iliac Arteries
- Becomes femoral after passing through inguinal
ligament
87Arteries of lower extremities
- Femoral arteries
- Begin inferior to inguinal ligament
- Supply the thigh
- Popliteal arteries
- In dorsal knee
- Begins where femoral artery terminates at
adductor hiatus
88Arteries of lower extremities
- Anterior tibial arteries
- Begins where popliteal artery penetrates to
front of upper shin area - Supplies ventral portion of leg
- Dorsalis pedis arteries
- Continuation of anterior tibia at ankle
- Supplies dorsum of foot
- Posterior tibial arteries
- Continuation of popliteal
- dorsal to tibia
89The venous system
90Veins of Systemic Circulation
Figure 19.24b
91Veins of the Head and Neck
Figure 19.25b
92Veins of the Brain
Figure 19.25c
93Veins of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
Figure 19.26b
94Veins of the Abdomen
Figure 19.27b
95Veins of the Abdomen
Figure 19.27c
96Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Figure 19.28b, c
97Veins of the head and neck
- Dural sinuses
- Collect blood from brain capillaries and direct
to internal jugular veins - Internal jugular veins
- Return venous blood from brain to subclavian vein
- External jugular veins
- Drain blood from superficial head, scalp to
subclavian vein
98Veins of the upper extremities
- Superficial
- Cephalic veins
- Drain dorsal hand and lateral arm
- Basilic veins
- Drain dorsal hand and medial arm
- Deep
- same names as arteries
- Drain areas supplied by arteries of same name
99Brachiocephalic veins
- formed by the union of the internal jugular and
subclavian veins - Rt. Brachiocephalic v. Drains right arm,
shoulder, head - Left Brachiocephalic v. Drains left arm,
shoulder, head - Superior vena cava
- formed by the union of the right and left
brachiocephalic veins. - Azygos system
- Drains dorsal thoracic cavity
100Veins of the lower extremities
- Superficial
- Great saphenous vein
- Drain dorsal foot and medial leg from dorsal
venous arch to femoral vein - Lesser saphenous v.
- Drain dorsal foot and calf
- From medial dorsal arch to popliteal
- Deep
- same names as arteries
- Drain areas supplied by arteries of same name
101Common iliac veins
- formed by the union of the external and internal
iliac veins. - Inferior vena cava
- formed by the union of the right and left common
iliac veins - Parallel to vertebral column on the right
102Veins of the Trunk
- Portal system
- Definition A vein to capillary to vein
arrangement - (Hepatic) Portal vein
- formed by the union of the superior mesenteric,
splenic, and sometimes the inferior mesenteric
veins - Carries blood from intestines and spleen to liver
- Lumbar veins (4 pairs)
- Drain area of lumbar vertebrae
- Right testicular (ovarian) vein
- Drain right gonad to inferior vena cava
103Veins of the Trunk
- Renal veins Drain kidneys
- Left testicular (or ovarian) vein
- Drain left gonad to left renal vein
- Left suprarenal
- Drain left adrenal to left renal vein
- Right suprarenal vein
- Drain adrenal to inferior vena cava
- Inferior phrenic veins
- Drain inferior diaphragm to inferior vena cava
- Hepatic veins
- Drain liver to inferior vena cava
- Fetal Circulation
- Foramen ovale opening from right atrium to left
atrium - Fossa ovalis Depression on adult heart left by
foramen ovale - Ductus arteriosus artery from pulmonary trunk to
aortic arch - Ligamentum arteriosum adult remnant of ductus
arteriosus - Ductus venosus Vein through liver connecting
umbilical vein and inferior vena cava - Ligamentum venosum adult remnant of ductus
venosum - Umbilical arteries deliver blood from internal
iliacs to placenta
104Veins of the Trunk
- Lymph vascular system
- Lymph vessels
- Vein-like structures which deliver lymph from
interstitial space to the subclavian vein - Cisterna chyli Enlargement formed from the right
and left lumbar vessels forms the thoracic duct
drains lower extremities and abdomen - Thoracic duct drains lower extremities, abdomen,
left trunk, head and neck into left subclavian
vein - Right lymphatic duct drains right trunk, head
and neck into right subclavian vein
105Lymphatic System
106Lymphatic System Overview
Figure 20.2a
107Lymphatic System Overview
Figure 20.1a
108Lymphatic Trunks
Figure 20.2b
109Lymphatic Capillaries
Figure 20.1b
110Structure of a Lymph Node
Figure 20.4a, b
111Lymphatic organs
- Lymph nodes
- Filter lymph
- destroy microbes
- Tonsils
- Form ring around pharynx
- collect and destroy bacteria
112Lymphatic organs
- Spleen
- Site for lymphocyte proliferation
- destroy red blood cells and collect iron
- destroys microbes and debris
- fetal erythrocyte production stores erythrocytes
- Thymus
- Children secrete
- thymosin and thymopoietin
- help produce T-lymphocytes
113Function of lymphatic system
- Return fluid to veins
- removes microbes
- removes debris
- immunity