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Title: Presentations for Exam III


1
Presentations for Exam III
  • Circulatory System

2
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
  • ANGIOLOGY study of blood vessels

3
Functions of blood
  • In transport
  • 02
  • C02
  • food
  • wastes,
  • hormones
  • In temperature regulation
  • In control of pH

4
Functions of blood
  • In control of water balance
  • In defense against infection
  • Blood Vascular System

5
Blood
  • General characteristics
  • pH7.35
  • Viscosity- 4 ½ to 5 ½ times the viscosity of
    water
  • Temperature- 38o C or 100o F
  • General composition of blood
  • Plasma 55 volume
  • Formed elements (corpuscles)
  • 45 volume hematocrit

6
omponents of Whole Blood
Plasma(55 of whole blood)
Buffy coatleukocyctes and platelets(whole blood)
Formed elements
Erythrocytes(45 of whole blood)
Withdraw blood and place in tube
Centrifuge
1
2
Figure 17.1
7
Components of plasma
  • Water 90
  • Dissolved substances 10
  • Non-protein components
  • Nutrients
  • gases
  • lactic acid
  • ions

8
Components of plasma
  • Blood proteins
  • Albumin
  • exert osmotic pressure
  • carrier
  • Globulins
  • gamma antibodies
  • Fibrinogen clotting protein
  • Prothrombin clotting protein
  • Plasminogen plasmin dissolves clots

9
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Figure 17.3
10
(No Transcript)
11
Summary of Formed Elements
Table 17.2
12
Summary of Formed Elements
13
Types of cells (corpuscles/Formed Elements)
  • Red
  • White
  • Platelets

14
Erythrocytes (red cells)
  • Structure
  • Anucleate
  • biconcave
  • Hemoglobin
  • Oxyhemoglobin
  • carbaminohemoglobin
  • Reduced hemoglobin

15
Erythrocytes (red cells)
  • Function
  • Transport oxygen
  • Transport carbon dioxide
  • buffers
  • Life cycle
  • Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
  • erythropoietin produced in response to hypoxia
  • Production 35 days
  • Life span 3 months

16
Leucocytes (white blood cells)
17
Agranulocytes
  • Lymphocytes
  • B-lymphocytes plasma cells produce antibodies
  • T-lymphocytes
  • function in cell mediated immunity
  • contain CD4 lymphocytes destroyed by aids
  • Monocytes Macrophage phagocytes

18
Granulocytes
  • Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leucocytes)
  • Microphage phagocytes
  • Acidophils (eosinophils)
  • Antihelmintic
  • phagocytize immune complexes
  • Basophils
  • Secrete histamine and heparin
  • Secrete histamine and heparin
  • Like (are?) the tissue mast cells

19
Leucocyte
  • Functions generally function in immunity

20
Formation of Leukocytes
Figure 17.11
21
Leucocyte
  • Life cycle
  • Myeloblast
  • stem cell for
  • granulocytes live less than ten (10) days
  • monocytes live several months
  • Lymphoid stem cell
  • give rise to lymphocytes
  • lymphocytes may live from a few days to decades

22
Thrombocytes (blood platelets)
  • Fragments of megakaryocytes
  • Function
  • Form platelet plug
  • Produce platelet factor (PF3)
  • helps to form platelet thromboplastin
  • Life cycle
  • Myeloid stem cell ? megakaryocyte ? platelet
  • Life span 7-12 days

23
Coagulation Illustrated
Figure 17.13a
24
Blood clotting
  • Substances in blood that are involved in clotting
  • Calcium necessary for thrombokinase synthesis
  • Thrombokinase (thromboplastin, cephalin etc.)
    enzyme for prothrombin conversion
  • Prothrombin thrombin
  • Fibrinogen ? fibrin under thrombin enzymatic
    direction
  • Substances in blood that inhibit clotting
  • Antithrombin
  • Antiprothrombin (heparin)

25
ABO Blood Groups
Table 17.4
26
Blood Typing
27
Heart
  • Blood pump
  • Location
  • Dorsal to sternum
  • Between ribs two and seven

28
Heart Anatomy
Figure 18.1
29
(No Transcript)
30
Pericardial Layers of the Heart
Figure 18.2
31
Heart Layers (Tunics)
  • Endocardium
  • Endothelium
  • Innermost layer of heart

32
Heart Layers (Tunics)
  • Myocardium
  • Medial layer of wall
  • cardiac muscle
  • Epicardium (Pericardium)
  • Visceral
  • Outer layer of heart
  • Parietal
  • Sac which contains the heart
  • Fibrous
  • Connective tissue reinforcement for parietal
    pericardium

33
External Heart Anterior View
Figure 18.4b
34
External Heart Posterior View
Figure 18.4d
35
Gross Anatomy of Heart Frontal Section
Figure 18.4e
36
Heart Chambers
  • Right atrium
  • Functions
  • General receiving chamber
  • Empties into right ventricle

37
Heart Chambers
  • Structures
  • Fossa ovalis Depression remnant of foramen
    ovalis
  • Superior vena caval orifice opening from
    superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena caval orifice opening from
    inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus orifice Opening from coronary
    sinus

38
Heart Chambers
39
Atrioventricular Valve Function
Figure 18.9
40
Right ventricle
  • Functions
  • Receives blood from right atrium
  • Pumping chamber to lungs

41
Right Ventricle
  • Structures
  • Right atrioventricular orifice
  • Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
  • Entrance into right ventricle
  • Prevents backflow into atria

42
Right ventricle
  • Structures
  • Papillary muscles Anchor chordae tendineae
  • Chordae tendineae connect valve to papillary
    muscles
  • Pulmonary trunk orifice Opening for ventricular
    drainage into pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Valve into pulmonary trunk
  • Prevents backflow into right ventricle

43
Left atrium
  • Functions
  • Receiving chamber from lungs
  • Pulmonary vein orifices Opening between left
    atrium and pulmonary veins

44
Left ventricle
  • Functions
  • receives blood from left atrium
  • Ejects it into aorta

45
Left ventricle
  • Structures
  • Left atrioventricular orifices opening into
    ventricle
  • Left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve
  • Controls flow between left atrium and ventricle
  • Papillary muscles
  • Anchor chordae tendineae

46
Left ventricle
  • Structures
  • Chordae tendineae Anchor AV valve to papillary
    muscles
  • Aortic Orifice opening between left ventricle
    and aorta
  • Aortic semilunar valve controls opening from
    left ventricle into aorta

47
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs
Figure 18.5
48
Pulmonary Circulation
Figure 19.17b
49
Aorta and Major Arteries
Figure 19.19b
50
Arteries of the Head and Neck
Figure 19.20b
51
Arteries of the Brain
Figure 19.20d
52
Blood Vessel Comparison
53
Arteries of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
Figure 19.21b
54
Arteries of the Abdomen
Figure 19.22b
55
Arteries of the Abdomen
Figure 19.22c
56
Arteries of the Abdomen
57
Arteries of the Lower Limbs
Figure 19.23b, c
58
Arteries
  • Deliver blood from heart
  • Injecting vessels for embalming
  • Arterioles-Small arteries

59
Three Arterial layers (tunics)
  • Tunica intima (internal)
  • Endothelium
  • innermost layer of vessel
  • Tunica media
  • Middle layer
  • Smooth muscle
  • Thicker in arteries than in veins
  • Tunica adventitia (externa)
  • Outer layer
  • Collagen fibers

60
Capillaries
  • Exchange blood vessels
  • structure
  • Endothelium
  • continuous with that of connecting veins and
    artery
  • Connective tissue- Anchors capillary

61
Veins
  • Vessels which, for the most part, deliver blood
    from capillaries to the heart
  • Drainage vessels in embalming

62
Three Venus layers (tunics)
  • Tunica intima (internal)
  • Endothelium
  • innermost layer of vessel
  • Tunica media
  • Middle layer
  • Smooth muscle
  • Thicker in arteries than in veins
  • Tunica adventitia (externa)
  • Outer layer
  • Collagen fibers

63
Vasa vasorum
  • Arterioles and venules of arteries and veins

64
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Circuit from right ventricle ? Lungs ? Left
    atrium
  • Blood
  • Dumps carbon dioxide
  • Loads oxygen

65
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
  • Systemic circulation
  • Circuit from left ventricle ? body? right atrium
  • Dumps oxygen and loads carbon dioxide

66
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
  • Other structural features
  • Anastomoses Two or more arteries join to form
    one
  • Collateral circulation an alternative
    circulatory route

67
Aorta
  • Largest artery
  • Most arteries branch from aorta
  • Location
  • Parallel to inferior vena cava
  • On left ventral vertebral column

68
Ascending aorta
  • Posterior to pulmonary trunk
  • Emerges from left ventricle at level of FOURTH
    rib
  • Ascends two inches (5 cm) to second rib
  • Aortic valve
  • Semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta
  • Origin of coronary arteries
  • At emersion aorta from heart

69
THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM
  • Arch of the aorta
  • Begins at sternal angle (second rib) and ends at
    T4 (same level)
  • Three branches
  • Brachiocephalic artery
  • Left Common carotid artery
  • Left subclavian artery

70
Brachiocephalic artery
  • First branch of arch
  • Behind Manubrium from first right intercostal
    space superior to clavicle
  • Supplies right shoulder, arm, head, neck

71
Right subclavian artery
  • Branch of brachiocephalic
  • supplies right shoulder

72
Arteries
  • Right vertebral a.
  • Ascends in the transverse foramina to supply
    brain
  • Basilar a.
  • Formed by anastomosis of vertebral arteries
  • Bifurcates to form posterior cerebral arteries
  • Right int. thoracic a.
  • Supplies ventral ribs

73
Arteries
  • Right axillary a.
  • Continuation of subclavian artery in the in
    armpit
  • Right brachial artery
  • Continuation of axillary in the in the bicipital
    groove
  • Supplies biceps
  • r. deep brachial a.
  • Supplies triceps
  • Rt. radial a.
  • Supplies area of radius bone

74
Arteries
  • deep palmar arch
  • Supplies dorsal metacarpal area
  • Rt. digital a.-Supplies fingers
  • Rt. ulnar a.
  • Supplies area of ulna bone
  • superficial palmar arch
  • Supplies dorsal metacarpal area
  • Rt. digital a.-Supplies fingers

75
Arteries
  • Right common carotid artery
  • Supplies neck and head
  • Right external carotid artery
  • Supplies superficial head
  • Right facial artery
  • Supplies anterior face
  • Superficial temporal a.
  • Supplies most of scalp

76
Arteries
  • Maxillary artery
  • Supplies jaws, nasal cavity
  • Posterior auricular a.
  • Supplies scalp behind ear

77
Arteries
78
Arteries
  • Right internal carotid a.
  • Supplies brain
  • Penetrates carotid canal of temporal bone

79
Arteries
  • Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)-Nine
    vessels at base of brain stem
  • Int. carotid a.-Forms three branches
  • Post. communicating a.-2 Connections to
    posterior cerebral arteries
  • Post. cerebral a.- 2 Supply occipital lobes
  • Ant. cerebral a.- 2 Supply frontal lobe
  • Ant. communicating a. - 1 Connects two anterior
    cerebrals

80
Arteries
  • Left Common carotid artery
  • Second branch of arch
  • branches same as right side

81
Arteries
  • Left subclavian artery
  • Third branch of arch
  • branches and continuations same as right.

82
Arteries
  • Descending Thoracic aorta
  • Superior to diaphragm
  • Branches
  • Bronchial arteries Supply lungs and bronchi
  • Pericardial arteries Supply pericardium
  • Esophageal arteries Supply esophagus
  • Intercostal arteries Supply inferior ribs 1-11
  • Subcostal arteries Supply inferior 12th ribs
  • Superior phrenic arteries Supply superior
    diaphragm

83
Abdominal aorta
  • Inferior to diaphragm
  • Branches
  • Inferior phrenic arteries Supply bottom of
    diaphragm
  • Celiac trunk
  • Three branches
  • Branches
  • Left gastric artery Supplies stomach
  • Splenic artery Supplies spleen
  • Common hepatic artery Supplies
  • liver,
  • stomach,
  • duodenum

84
Abdominal aorta
  • Superior mesenteric artery Supplies
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • ascending and transverse colon
  • beginning 1/3 descending colon
  • Inferior mesenteric artery Supplies
  • distal 2/3 descending colon
  • sigmoid colon

85
Abdominal aorta
  • Middle suprarenal arteries Supply adrenal gland
  • Renal arteries Supply kidneys
  • Testicular or ovarian arteries Supply
    ovaries/testes
  • Lumbar arteries Supply posterior abdominal wall

86
Abdominal aorta
  • Middle sacral artery supplies sacrum and coccyx
  • Common iliac arteries Terminal Branches of aorta
    at L4
  • Internal iliac arteries Supply pelvis and
    gluteal muscles
  • External iliac Arteries
  • Becomes femoral after passing through inguinal
    ligament

87
Arteries of lower extremities
  • Femoral arteries
  • Begin inferior to inguinal ligament
  • Supply the thigh
  • Popliteal arteries
  • In dorsal knee
  • Begins where femoral artery terminates at
    adductor hiatus

88
Arteries of lower extremities
  • Anterior tibial arteries
  • Begins where popliteal artery penetrates to
    front of upper shin area
  • Supplies ventral portion of leg
  • Dorsalis pedis arteries
  • Continuation of anterior tibia at ankle
  • Supplies dorsum of foot
  • Posterior tibial arteries
  • Continuation of popliteal
  • dorsal to tibia

89
The venous system
90
Veins of Systemic Circulation
Figure 19.24b
91
Veins of the Head and Neck
Figure 19.25b
92
Veins of the Brain
Figure 19.25c
93
Veins of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
Figure 19.26b
94
Veins of the Abdomen
Figure 19.27b
95
Veins of the Abdomen
Figure 19.27c
96
Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Figure 19.28b, c
97
Veins of the head and neck
  • Dural sinuses
  • Collect blood from brain capillaries and direct
    to internal jugular veins
  • Internal jugular veins
  • Return venous blood from brain to subclavian vein
  • External jugular veins
  • Drain blood from superficial head, scalp to
    subclavian vein

98
Veins of the upper extremities
  • Superficial
  • Cephalic veins
  • Drain dorsal hand and lateral arm
  • Basilic veins
  • Drain dorsal hand and medial arm
  • Deep
  • same names as arteries
  • Drain areas supplied by arteries of same name

99
Brachiocephalic veins
  • formed by the union of the internal jugular and
    subclavian veins
  • Rt. Brachiocephalic v. Drains right arm,
    shoulder, head
  • Left Brachiocephalic v. Drains left arm,
    shoulder, head
  • Superior vena cava
  • formed by the union of the right and left
    brachiocephalic veins.
  • Azygos system
  • Drains dorsal thoracic cavity

100
Veins of the lower extremities
  • Superficial
  • Great saphenous vein
  • Drain dorsal foot and medial leg from dorsal
    venous arch to femoral vein
  • Lesser saphenous v.
  • Drain dorsal foot and calf
  • From medial dorsal arch to popliteal
  • Deep
  • same names as arteries
  • Drain areas supplied by arteries of same name

101
Common iliac veins
  • formed by the union of the external and internal
    iliac veins.
  • Inferior vena cava
  • formed by the union of the right and left common
    iliac veins
  • Parallel to vertebral column on the right

102
Veins of the Trunk
  • Portal system
  • Definition A vein to capillary to vein
    arrangement
  • (Hepatic) Portal vein
  • formed by the union of the superior mesenteric,
    splenic, and sometimes the inferior mesenteric
    veins
  • Carries blood from intestines and spleen to liver
  • Lumbar veins (4 pairs)
  • Drain area of lumbar vertebrae
  • Right testicular (ovarian) vein
  • Drain right gonad to inferior vena cava

103
Veins of the Trunk
  • Renal veins Drain kidneys
  • Left testicular (or ovarian) vein
  • Drain left gonad to left renal vein
  • Left suprarenal
  • Drain left adrenal to left renal vein
  • Right suprarenal vein
  • Drain adrenal to inferior vena cava
  • Inferior phrenic veins
  • Drain inferior diaphragm to inferior vena cava
  • Hepatic veins
  • Drain liver to inferior vena cava
  • Fetal Circulation
  • Foramen ovale opening from right atrium to left
    atrium
  • Fossa ovalis Depression on adult heart left by
    foramen ovale
  • Ductus arteriosus artery from pulmonary trunk to
    aortic arch
  • Ligamentum arteriosum adult remnant of ductus
    arteriosus
  • Ductus venosus Vein through liver connecting
    umbilical vein and inferior vena cava
  • Ligamentum venosum adult remnant of ductus
    venosum
  • Umbilical arteries deliver blood from internal
    iliacs to placenta

104
Veins of the Trunk
  • Lymph vascular system
  • Lymph vessels
  • Vein-like structures which deliver lymph from
    interstitial space to the subclavian vein
  • Cisterna chyli Enlargement formed from the right
    and left lumbar vessels forms the thoracic duct
    drains lower extremities and abdomen
  • Thoracic duct drains lower extremities, abdomen,
    left trunk, head and neck into left subclavian
    vein
  • Right lymphatic duct drains right trunk, head
    and neck into right subclavian vein

105
Lymphatic System
106
Lymphatic System Overview
Figure 20.2a
107
Lymphatic System Overview
Figure 20.1a
108
Lymphatic Trunks
Figure 20.2b
109
Lymphatic Capillaries
Figure 20.1b
110
Structure of a Lymph Node
Figure 20.4a, b
111
Lymphatic organs
  • Lymph nodes
  • Filter lymph
  • destroy microbes
  • Tonsils
  • Form ring around pharynx
  • collect and destroy bacteria

112
Lymphatic organs
  • Spleen
  • Site for lymphocyte proliferation
  • destroy red blood cells and collect iron
  • destroys microbes and debris
  • fetal erythrocyte production stores erythrocytes
  • Thymus
  • Children secrete
  • thymosin and thymopoietin
  • help produce T-lymphocytes

113
Function of lymphatic system
  • Return fluid to veins
  • removes microbes
  • removes debris
  • immunity
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