BIOLOGY

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BIOLOGY

• Introductory Comments and
• The Scientific Method

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• Biology is the study of life

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Two of the unifying ideas of biology

• A. Cells basic units of life
• B. Evolution- the common ancestry and changes
  over time in response to Natural Selection (the
  mechanism of evolution in Classic Darwinian
  Evolution).

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• Properties that are shared by all
• living organisms

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Order

• Each organism possesses a highly ordered
  structure even if they may seem simplistic (like
  prokaryotic cells or single-celled eukaryotic
  organisms).

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Growth, development, and reproduction

• All living organisms reproduce and pass their DNA
  from parent to offspring. DNA then directs the
  pattern of growth and development

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Regulation

• Living organisms have regulatory mechanisms that
  function in the coordination of the organisms
  functions

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Response to stimuli (sensitivity)

• All organisms respond to internal and external
  stimuli.

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Energy processing

• All living organisms obtain and then transform
  energy into a usable form (ATP

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Homeostasis

• All organisms are capable of maintaining a
  relatively stable internal environment

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Evolutionary adaptation

• Living organisms adapt to their environments

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The hierarchy of living organisms

• Is based on structural levels with each level
  building on the levels below it.
• With each step upward in the hierarchy there are
  new properties that are not present at the
  previous level (emergent properties).
• Emergent properties are due to the arrangement
  and interactions of parts as complexity increases

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• Atoms and compounds
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ system
• Individual

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• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere

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Molecules
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Subcellular structures
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Cell
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Tissue
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Organ
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Organ System
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Organism
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Population
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Community

• The cats, mice, grass, insects etc. that all live
  in a given area

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Ecosystem

• The living organisms of the community the
  abiotic factors that affect them

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Biosphere
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• Taxonomy
• The classification of organisms in an ordered
  system that indicates natural relationships.

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History

• Linneaus suggested two kingdoms Plant Kingdom
  and Animal Kingdom
• Then there were three Plant, Animal, and
  Bacteria
• In 1969, Whittaker proposed the five Kingdom
  system (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and
  Animalia).
• Then there were six adding Archeabacteria to
  Whittakers system.

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Currently

• There are three domains and a push to divide the
  protists into multiple Kingdoms

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Classification

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species
• Genus species (maybe subspecies) makes up the
  Scientific name

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• So for a domestic cat
• Domain- Eucarya
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum - Chordata
• Subphylum- Vertebrata
• Class- Mammalia
• Order- Carnivora
• Family- Felidae
• Genus- Felis
• Species- catus

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How to write a scientific name

• Felis catus
• Or
• Felis catus
• After first use (but not at the beginning of a
  sentence)
• F. catus or F. catus

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Science as a process
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Scientific discoveries are basically made by
using one of two methodologies.

• Discovery science. Discovery science is also
  known as descriptive science. This involves
  observing and documenting phenomena without
  experimentation.
• Hypo-deductive Science. Using the Scientific
  Method

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The Scientific Method

• Ask a question and refine it
• Propose Hypotheses
• Null
• Alternative
• Design experiment care is essential here to
  prevent bias
• Carry out experiment
• Analyze the results
• Interpret the results and share the info with
  others- oral presentation and/or paper