Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 13 June

1
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Overview on the Hemispheric Transport on POPs
Sergey Dutchak EMEP/MSC-E
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Recent studies

• 1. Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic
  AMAP, 2002
• 2. Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent
  Toxic Substances
  UNEP, 2002
• 3. Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment
  Report II 2003
• 4. Impact of warming ARCTIC
  ACIA, 2004
• 5. Persistent Toxic Substances, Food security,
  and Indigenous Peoples
  AMAP, 2004
• 6. Evaluation of BaP and ?-HCH transport from
  European and North American emission sources
  OSPAR, 2005
• 7. Scientific Journals
  2004-2005
• 9. EMEP/MSC-E Reports of POPs
  EMEP, 2005

EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
International programmes on POPs AMAP OSPAR
HELCOM OECD . . . Protocol
on POPs UN ECE Stockholm
Convention UNEP
POPs PCBs, DFs, HCB, PAHs, ?-HCH, 10
pesticides New substances Polybrominated
diphenyl ethers Endosulfan, Dicofol . .
.
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Differences in physical-chemical properties of
POPs
?-HCH
PCB-153
Vegetation
Air
Air
Vegetation
Soil
4
1
2
1
Sea
15
3
Soil
Sea
92
82
Distribution of pollutants between media
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June

• Monitoring and Modelling Evidence of Hemispheric
  Transport of POPs
• Atmospheric transport
• Oceanic transport
• Riverine transport
• Transpolar ice transport

Main transport pathways
AMAP Assessment 2002 Persistent Organic
Pollutants in the Arctic
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Monitoring evidence of POPs transport
AMAP, EMEP, OSPARUNEP under development
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Time series of HCB, ?-HCH and PCBs in Arctic air
HCB
?-HCH
PCB10
AMAP Assessment 2002 Persistent Organic
Pollutants in the Arctic
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in ringed seals, in the
Canadian Arctic, pg/g ww
AMAP Assessment 2002 Persistent Organic
Pollutants in the Arctic
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
New substances to the Protocol on POPs
Worldwide PeBDE production, kt/yr
PeBDE concentration, ng/g lw
Production Beluga Ringed seal
Trends of SPeBDE in ringed seals and beluga in
the Canadian Arctic and global production
AMAP Assessment 2002 Persistent Organic
Pollutants in the Arctic
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Monitoring evidence of transport Comments

• Available monitoring data in remote regions of
  theNorthern Hemisphere clearly show that POPs
• are global pollutants
• are accumulated in different environment
  compartments and in some species, particularly in
  marine mammals.
• Needs
• - Long term observations in different
  environmental compartments on hemispheric scale
  
• - Exchange of measurement data between
  international programmes
• - Agreed monitoring strategy on global level
• - Measurement campaigns

EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Model evidence of POPs hemispheric transport
CHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODEL
BOX MODELS
ChemRange CliMoChem GLOBO-POP
Canada SimpleBox Netherlands EVN-BETR
andUK-MODEL ELPOS Germany G-CIEMS
Japan

Switzerland

CAM/POPs MEDIA DEHM-POP Denmark MSCE-POP
EMEP/MSC-E ADOM-POP Germany HYSPLIT 4
USA
Canada
UK
EMEP/MSC-E Technical Report 1/2004
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Typical structure of POP multicompartment models
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Model evidence of POPs hemispheric transport
EMEP region
Outflow
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
EMEP Multicompartment Hemispheric Transport Model
(MSCE-POP-Hem)
Atmospheric transport
EMEP
Atmospheric vertical grid structure
Horizontal grid structure 2.5??2.5?
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Distribution of emission sources in the Northern
Hemisphere, 1996
PCB-153
?-HCH
Expert estimates
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Annual deposition in 2002
BaP
?-HCH
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Comparison of modelling results with monitoring
data
European sites, PCB-153
Arctic sites, PCB-153
3
3
30
3.5
Observed
3
Observed
25
2.5
Model
Model
20
2
15
1.5
Mean annual concentrations, pg/m
Mean annual concentrations, pg/m
1
10
0.5
5
0
0
Alert 93
Alert 94
Pallas 96
Dunai 93
Tagish 92
Tagish 93
Tagish 94
Svanvik 92
Storhofdi 95
Storhofdi 96
Ny Alesund 92
Ny Alesund 93
Ny Alesund 94
Rorvik 94
Rorvik 95
Rorvik 96
Karvatn 92
Hazelrigg 93
Hazelrigg 94
Hazelrigg 95
Kosetice 96
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Comparison of hemispheric and regional models
resolution 2.5ox2.5o
resolution 50x50 km2
Deposition fluxes of ?-HCH to OSPAR region, 2000
(North Atlantic)
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Intercontinental transport of PCB-153 from North
American sources
Air concentrations
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Seasonal variability
July
March
January
Monthly averages of PCB-153 surface atmospheric
concentrations caused by sources from
North-western Europe
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Source-receptor relationships
Deposition to the Arctic
Canadian Arctic
Deposition to the Arctic
South-eastern
North-western
Asia
NorthAmerica
Europe
Africa and
Russia
3
Central Asia
21
18
5
39
South-
NorthAmerica
South-eastern
eastern
Europe
Europe
17
17
15
Africaand CentralAsia
South-
Russia
eastern
North-western Europe
11
Asia
40
8
6
Contributions of main source groups to PCBs
deposition to the Arctic
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
POP ocean transport model
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
PCB-153 concentrations in the upper 100 m layer
of ocean, ng/m3
1985
2000
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Sea currents, relative units
1st year
10th year
Changes of concentrations of PCB-153 in seawater
during 10 years (European source)
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Sea currents, relative units
1st year
10th year
Changes of concentrations of PCB-153 in seawater
during 10 years (American source)
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
River flux of ?-HCH
30 of totalinput to the Arctic Ocean
Changes in mean annual concentrations in the
upper layer, ng/m3
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
POP transport with the sea ice
Mean annual rate of ice melting in the Arctic,
mm/day
Main ice transport directions
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
?-HCH Input into Arctic Ocean, t/y
2002
Rivers
Atmosphere
37
25
Sea currents
IceSnow
21
Atlantic ocean
Pacific ocean
3
14
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Climate change
Changes associated with temperature,
precipitation, ice cover and with ecosystems have
a great potential to alter pathways of POPs.
Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report II
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Climate change
Increases in annual average arctic temperature
projected by an average of ACIA models for A2
and B2 emissions scenarios 5-7oC ACIA
Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
Impacts of a Warming Arctic ACIA. Highlights
2004
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Climate change and hemispheric transport
Wet deposition velocity via temperature
Gas/particle partitioning for three POPs
(temperature dependence)
0.25
100
0.2
80
0.15
t, cm/s
60
PCBs
50
we
0.1
Fraction of particulate phase
d
V
40
PCB-153
0.05
20
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
T,
C
o
T,
C
POPs behaviour is strongly temperature dependent
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Satellite Data on Changes of Sea Ice
Impacts of a Warming Arctic ACIA. Highlights
2004
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Climate change
with sea ice
without sea ice
Annual average concentration of PCB-153, pg/L in
the upper sea layer for 1996
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Conclusions

• Most of the total quantity of POPs measured in
  the Arctic environment is derived from distant
  source of Northern Hemisphere
• The atmosphere often predominates initially as
  a rapid transporting medium but with time other
  slower-moving (ocean) or stationary media (lake
  water, soil, vegetation) become the dominant
  reservoirs or transporting media.
• Multicompartment transport models could
  generate information on global/hemispheric
  transport including intercontinental transport,
  source-receptor relationships, seasonal
  variability, transport with sea currents, etc.

EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air
Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June

• Atmospheric transport, ocean currents, ice
  cover, and water-air exchange of POPs are all
  subject to alteration as a results of climate
  change.
• Close cooperation of various international
  bodies and national experts in the field of
  emission inventories and projections, monitoring
  and modeling is highly appreciated.

EMEP/MSC-E