Slides

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29 September, 2009 lecture C. Pringle, ECL 6080

• The Age of Exotic Specie
• a.k.a.
• The Homogocene, McDonaldization of the globe a
  planet of weeds
• Hybrid/mixed habitats of natives and invasives
• dominance of invasives in some regions and
• patches of relict native fauna/flora in
  others?
• Complex changes in evolution of wildlife

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Case Study Exotic species in the Great Lakes
of North America
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Have the Great Lakes undergone an invasional
meltdown?
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In many cases we can only surmise how exotics
arrived
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Sea Lamprey (1830s)
-native to Atlantic Coast -caused decline of
native lake trout -hitched a ride attached to
hull of boat
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Lamprey on Lake Trout -12 million/yr spent on
controlling lamprey treatment of larvae
with lampricides electric barriers
release of sterile males during spawning runs
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Lake Trout - huge fisheries loss
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Purple Loosestrife (1869)
-native to Europe -solid ships ballast -spread
via canals and railroad tracks
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Alewife (1873)
-native to Atlantic -once free of predaceous
Lake Trout, pushed native fishes (white fish,
bloater, yellow perch) into decline
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Chinook Salmon (1873)
-native to the west coast -purposefully
introduced -stocked in all lakes but Superior
since 1967
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-preys on native Great Lakes fishes -valuable
sports fish
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Common Carp (1879)
-native of Europe -destroys habitat of native
fish species and waterfowl
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Brown Trout (1883)
-native of Europe -purposefully introduced for
sports fishing
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Furunculosis (lt1902)
-disease pathogen infecting native
fishes -problem in hatcheries and introduced
with stocked exotics -
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Furunculosis on a lake trout
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COHO SALMON (1933)
-native to the west coast -Introduced as a sports
fish -now reproducing naturally
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White Perch (1950)
-migrated into Great Lakes via Eerie
canal -competes with native fishes
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Eurasian Watermilfoil (1952)
-competes with native plants -affects
recreational use of water
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Glugea hertwigi (1960)
-parasitizes fishes -introduced with stocked
fishes
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Eurasian Ruffe (1986)
-native to Europe -introduced in ballast
water -competes with native fishes
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Zebra Mussel (1988)
-native of Caspian and Black Seas -invaded
via water ballast
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Forewarnings of the spread of Zebra Mussels The
Dreissena is perhaps better fitted for
dissemination by man and subsequent establishment
than any other freshwater shell tenacity of life
unusually rapid propagation, the faculty of
becoming attached by string byssus to extraneous
substances, and the power of adapting itself to
strange and altogether artificial surroundings
have combined to make it one of the most
successful molluscan colonissts in the world.



-Kew (1893) The possibility of the zebra
mussel being introduced to the US) is very
great. There is entirely too much reckless
dumping of aquariea into our ponds and streams.
A number of foreign freshwater shells, etc., have
been introduced in this way. Why not the mussel?

-Johnson
(1921) There is the real possibility that
Dreissena polymorpha will eventually become
established in the North American continent
despite all efforts to prevent introduction of
exotic species.

-Sinclair (1964)

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Quagga Mussel
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Quagga Mussel vs Zebra Mussel
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Round Gobie
-predator of zeba mussel -role in mobilizing
contaminants in the food chain
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The Asian Carp are coming!
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Asian Black Carp
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Bighead Asian Carp
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Asian Grass Carp
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Asian Silver Carp
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-In 1900, 82 of the fisheries consisted of
native salmnonids -By 1966, native species made
up only 0.2 of the catch
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Lets revisit Invasional Meltdown Theory
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THE END
Deer watching accidental introduction of humans