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Organic

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Benedict's solution- shows a positive test for simple sugars with a color change ... assists in alleviating stress, helps with weight loss and reducing appetite ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Organic


1
Organic Molecules
2
What are Organic molecules?
  • Derived from living things and contain carbon
  • Examples glucose (C6H12O6), methane (CH4)

What are Inorganic molecules?
  • Derived from non-living things
  • Examples water (H2O), Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

BOTH are essential for life, but we will now
focus on organic molecules...
3
The nature of carbon based molecules...
  • Carbon has 4 e- in its outer shell needs 8
  • Will bond with other elements or other carbon
    atoms
  • This variety of possible bonding is what is
    responsible for the diversity among living things
  • In many carbon compounds, the molecules are
    built from smaller simpler molecules called
    monomers
  • 2 or more monomers that bond together form
    polymers
  • 2 or more polymers that bond together form
    macromolecules

4
How do the monomers bond to produce polymers?
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
two molecules covalently bond and lose a water
molecule in the process
5
Example of a monomer HO-t-H Where the t
represents some type of carbon compound bonded to
an HO and H group
monomer monomer monomer ? polymer
HO-t-H HO-l-H HO-n-H ? HO-t-l-n-H 2 H2O
polymer polymer ? macromolecule
HO-t-l-n-H HO-Y-l-t-H ? HO-t-l-n-Y-l-t-H H2O
6
Another look...
7
How do polymers break apart into monomers?
Hydrolysis polymers are disassembled to
monomers by adding a water molecule back (ex.
Digestion of food)
8
Another look...
9
Macromolecules for Life
4 types are essential for all living
things Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic
Acids
10
What are Macromolecules?
1. The prefix macro means giant.
2. Macromolecules are found in living cells and
are made up of thousands of smaller molecules.
3. They are created by a process called
polymerization (poly means many). This is
when many smaller molecules, called monomers,
join together and make polymers (many
monomers).
Remember
Monomer monomer monomer ? polymer
polymer polymer ? macromolecule
11
Carbohydrates
Definition, Function, and Use of Carbohydrates
  • Substances used to provide living things with
    energy and structure.
  • Carbohydrates are sugar molecules.
  • Sugars provide living things with energy.
  • Categorized as an organic compound because it
    contains carbon. Also contains hydrogen and
    oxygen.
  • 3 types of Carbs monosaccharides,
    dissacharides, and polysaccharides

12
Carbohydrates
  • Made up of linked Monosaccharides simple
    enough to serve as raw materials for synthesis
    of other small organic molecules such as amino
    and fatty acids
  • Disaccharides consists of two monosaccharides
    joined by a GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE a covalent bond
    resulting from dehydration synthesis
  • Polysaccharides- the polymers of sugars the
    true macromolecules of the carbs

13
Carbohydrates
3 Common Monosaccharides
Mono means 1 sugar simple sugars C6H12O6
  • Glucose- produced during photosynthesis and used
    in cellular respiration main source of energy
    for living things
  • Fructose- Found in fruits sweetest of
    monosaccharides
  • Galactose- Found in milk usually found in
    combination with glucose and fructose

14
Carbohydrates
2 Common Disaccharides
Di means 2 sugars double sugars
  • Sucrose made up of fructose and glucose and is
    found in sugarcane/sugar and beets
  • Lactos- made of glucose and galactose which is
    found in milk.

15
Carbohydrates
3 Common Polysaccharides
Poly means many sugars complex sugars
  • Glycogen- storage form of glucose for animals in
    the liver
  • Starch- storage form of carbohydrates very good
    sources of energy for your body
  • Cellulose made by plants and gives strength and
    rigidity to plant cells

16
Carbohydrates
Examples of Carbohydrates
  • Pasta
  • Potatoes
  • Rice
  • Wheat
  • Shellfish
  • Wood
  • Cotton

17
Testing for Carbohydrates
Benedicts solution- shows a positive test for
simple sugars with a color change that ranges
from green to yellow or orange. Tests for
monosaccharides.
Iodine- shows a positive test for starch if there
is a color change to blue-black. Starch act as
stockpiles of glucose for later use - the carb
BANK. Tests for polysaccharides.
Process of Elimination If there is no reaction
with either the Benedicts or Iodine Tests, then
a disaccharide is present.
18
Lipids
Definition, Function, and Use of Lipids
  • Fatty compounds
  • Lipids do not dissolve in water so they are said
    to be insoluble can form barriers between
    aqueous environment inside and outside the cell
  • Categorized as an organic compound because it
    contains carbon. Also contains hydrogen and
    oxygen
  • 3 types of lipids fats/oils, waxes, and
    steriods

19
Lipids
  • Fatty acids (such as saturated and unsaturated
    fats) are the building blocks for lipids
  • 1 gram of fat stores twice as much energy as 1
    gram of polysaccharide
  • Triglycerides- made up of 3 fatty acid molecules
    and 1 glycerol molecule during a condensation
    reaction (or dehydration synthesis)
  • Hydrophobic- do not mix/dissolve with water

20
Lipids
Saturated Fats
  • Unhealthy type of fat
  • Soild at room temperature
  • Majority of fat found in animals
  • Believed to contribute to heart disease causes
    plaque to build up in the blood vessels blocking
    the flow of blood and weakening the vessels

Examples
  • Bacon grease
  • Butter

21
Lipids
Unsaturated Fats
  • Healthier type of fat
  • Usually liquid at room temperature
  • Found in seeds and commonly referred to as plant
    oils

Examples
  • Corn Oil
  • Olive Oil

22
Lipids
Waxes
  • Used to coat and protect things in nature
  • Highly waterproof
  • Can be used for structural support (ie beehives)

Examples
  • Beeswax
  • Ear wax!!!
  • Waxy covering on plant leaves

23
Lipids
Steroids
  • Found in association with fats because they are
    insoluble Not a true fat
  • Found in hormones, nerve tissue, toad venom,
    plant poisons
  • The most biologically significant steroids are
    derived from cholesterol including estrogen and
    testosterone
  • Athletic steroids slowly destroy internal organs
    and not the muscles

24
Testing for Lipids
Translucence Test lipids leave a
semi-transparent spot on brown paper (non-lipids
do not)
Solubility Test lipids are insoluble in water
and soluble in organic solvents (like lighter
fluid)
Sudan III Test lipids stain red in Sudan III
non-lipids do not stain (and if it is a solution,
the non-lipid solution will look pink due to the
dilution of the Sudan III)
25
Proteins
Definition, Function, and Use of Proteins
  • Help support and strengthen materials in tissues
    outside of the cell including bones, cartilage,
    tendons, ligaments
  • Help store and transport other substances
  • Help defend the body against foreign substances
    (bacteria, viruses, etc.)
  • Help speed up certain chemical reactions in the
    cell with the aid of enzymes
  • Categorized as an organic compound because it
    contains carbon. Also hydrogen, oxygen
    nitrogen.

26
Proteins
Examples of Proteins
  • Blood
  • Insulin
  • Mucus
  • Keretin
  • Milk Products
  • Eggs Poultry
  • Meat
  • Fish Shellfish

27
Proteins
Building Blocks of Proteins
Amino acids
What are Amino Acids
  • They string together to form long chains which
    make specific proteins
  • More than 20 different types
  • Can form dipeptide and polypeptide chains
  • Dipeptides 2 amino acids bonded together
  • Polypeptides polymers of amino acids
  • Protein one or more polypeptides folded and
    coiled into specific conformations.

28
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29
Proteins
4 Examples of Amino Acids
  • Asparagine
  • Histidine
  • Leucine
  • Tryptophan

30
Asparagine
  • widely available in plant protein (like
    asparagus)
  • required by the nervous system to maintain
    homoestasis
  • Required for amino acid transformation from one
    form to the other which is achieved in the liver
  • Also found in dairy, beef, poultry and eggs

31
Histidine
  • compound released by immune system cells during
    an allergic reaction
  • needed for growth and for the repair of tissue
  • Required for the manufacture of both red and
    white blood cells
  • Maintains the myelin sheaths that act as
    protector for nerve cells
  • Helpful in producing gastric juices
  • Found in dairy, meat, poultry, fish, rice, wheat
    and rye

32
Leucine
  • helps with the regulation of blood-sugar levels
  • Growth and repair of muscle tissue (such as
    bones, skin and muscles)
  • Energy regulation
  • Wound healing
  • Growth hormone production
  • Can assist to prevent the breakdown of muscle
    proteins that sometimes occur after trauma or
    severe stress
  • Found in protein foods, as well as brown rice,
    beans, nuts and whole wheat

33
Tryptophan
  • Required for the production of niacin (vitamin
    B3)
  • Needed for production of serotonin, a
    neuro- transmitter that is important for normal
    nerve and brain function important in sleep,
    stabilizing emotional moods, pain control,
    inflammation, intestinal peristalsis, etc
  • Important in controlling hyperactivity in
    children, assists in alleviating stress, helps
    with weight loss and reducing appetite
  • Found in cottage cheese, meat, soy protein and
    peanuts

34
Proteins
How are Enzymes Related to Proteins
  • A catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in
    the cell
  • Breaks down proteins into amino acids

35
Enzymes
In association with proteins...
  • Reactions depend on the physical fit between the
    enzyme molecule and its substrate (like a lock
    and key)
  • The enzyme conforms to the reactant's shape and
    reduces the activation energy.
  • After the reaction, the new products are
    released and the enzyme remains unchanged so it
    can be used again.

36
Testing for Proteins
Biuret Solution- test gives a pink-to-purple
reaction in the presence of protein. Biuret
powder can be used to demonstrate this classic
color reaction as well.
37
Nucleic Acids
Definition, Function, and Use of Nucleic Acids
  • The building blocks of living organisms
  • Complex organic molecules that store important
    information in the cell DNA RNA
  • Help in the process of making proteins
  • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
    phosphorous

38
Nucleic Acids
Subunit of Nucleic Acids
  • Nucleotides- made up of a sugar, a phosphate and
    a base
  • Bases- adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine,
    uracil
  • Thymine is found in DNA but not in RNA
  • Uracil is found in RNA but not in DNA

39
Nucleic Acids
DNA
  • Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
  • Store genetic information that is essential for
    all cell activities
  • Primarily found in the nucleus of a cell
  • Controls the production of proteins within the
    cell form the structural unit of cells and
    controls all chemical processes within the cell

40
Nucleic Acids
RNA
  • Stands for ribonucleic acid
  • Stores and transfers info that is necessary for
    protein manufacturing
  • Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm
  • 3 types mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA
    (ribosomal)
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