Title: Organic
1Organic Molecules
2What are Organic molecules?
- Derived from living things and contain carbon
- Examples glucose (C6H12O6), methane (CH4)
What are Inorganic molecules?
- Derived from non-living things
- Examples water (H2O), Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
BOTH are essential for life, but we will now
focus on organic molecules...
3The nature of carbon based molecules...
- Carbon has 4 e- in its outer shell needs 8
- Will bond with other elements or other carbon
atoms
- This variety of possible bonding is what is
responsible for the diversity among living things
- In many carbon compounds, the molecules are
built from smaller simpler molecules called
monomers
- 2 or more monomers that bond together form
polymers
- 2 or more polymers that bond together form
macromolecules
4How do the monomers bond to produce polymers?
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
two molecules covalently bond and lose a water
molecule in the process
5 Example of a monomer HO-t-H Where the t
represents some type of carbon compound bonded to
an HO and H group
monomer monomer monomer ? polymer
HO-t-H HO-l-H HO-n-H ? HO-t-l-n-H 2 H2O
polymer polymer ? macromolecule
HO-t-l-n-H HO-Y-l-t-H ? HO-t-l-n-Y-l-t-H H2O
6Another look...
7How do polymers break apart into monomers?
Hydrolysis polymers are disassembled to
monomers by adding a water molecule back (ex.
Digestion of food)
8Another look...
9Macromolecules for Life
4 types are essential for all living
things Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic
Acids
10What are Macromolecules?
1. The prefix macro means giant.
2. Macromolecules are found in living cells and
are made up of thousands of smaller molecules.
3. They are created by a process called
polymerization (poly means many). This is
when many smaller molecules, called monomers,
join together and make polymers (many
monomers).
Remember
Monomer monomer monomer ? polymer
polymer polymer ? macromolecule
11Carbohydrates
Definition, Function, and Use of Carbohydrates
- Substances used to provide living things with
energy and structure.
- Carbohydrates are sugar molecules.
- Sugars provide living things with energy.
- Categorized as an organic compound because it
contains carbon. Also contains hydrogen and
oxygen.
- 3 types of Carbs monosaccharides,
dissacharides, and polysaccharides
12Carbohydrates
- Made up of linked Monosaccharides simple
enough to serve as raw materials for synthesis
of other small organic molecules such as amino
and fatty acids
- Disaccharides consists of two monosaccharides
joined by a GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE a covalent bond
resulting from dehydration synthesis
- Polysaccharides- the polymers of sugars the
true macromolecules of the carbs
13Carbohydrates
3 Common Monosaccharides
Mono means 1 sugar simple sugars C6H12O6
- Glucose- produced during photosynthesis and used
in cellular respiration main source of energy
for living things
- Fructose- Found in fruits sweetest of
monosaccharides
- Galactose- Found in milk usually found in
combination with glucose and fructose
14Carbohydrates
2 Common Disaccharides
Di means 2 sugars double sugars
- Sucrose made up of fructose and glucose and is
found in sugarcane/sugar and beets
- Lactos- made of glucose and galactose which is
found in milk.
15Carbohydrates
3 Common Polysaccharides
Poly means many sugars complex sugars
- Glycogen- storage form of glucose for animals in
the liver
- Starch- storage form of carbohydrates very good
sources of energy for your body
- Cellulose made by plants and gives strength and
rigidity to plant cells
16Carbohydrates
Examples of Carbohydrates
17Testing for Carbohydrates
Benedicts solution- shows a positive test for
simple sugars with a color change that ranges
from green to yellow or orange. Tests for
monosaccharides.
Iodine- shows a positive test for starch if there
is a color change to blue-black. Starch act as
stockpiles of glucose for later use - the carb
BANK. Tests for polysaccharides.
Process of Elimination If there is no reaction
with either the Benedicts or Iodine Tests, then
a disaccharide is present.
18Lipids
Definition, Function, and Use of Lipids
- Lipids do not dissolve in water so they are said
to be insoluble can form barriers between
aqueous environment inside and outside the cell
- Categorized as an organic compound because it
contains carbon. Also contains hydrogen and
oxygen
- 3 types of lipids fats/oils, waxes, and
steriods
19Lipids
- Fatty acids (such as saturated and unsaturated
fats) are the building blocks for lipids
- 1 gram of fat stores twice as much energy as 1
gram of polysaccharide
- Triglycerides- made up of 3 fatty acid molecules
and 1 glycerol molecule during a condensation
reaction (or dehydration synthesis)
- Hydrophobic- do not mix/dissolve with water
20Lipids
Saturated Fats
- Soild at room temperature
- Majority of fat found in animals
- Believed to contribute to heart disease causes
plaque to build up in the blood vessels blocking
the flow of blood and weakening the vessels
Examples
21Lipids
Unsaturated Fats
- Usually liquid at room temperature
- Found in seeds and commonly referred to as plant
oils
Examples
22Lipids
Waxes
- Used to coat and protect things in nature
- Can be used for structural support (ie beehives)
Examples
- Waxy covering on plant leaves
23Lipids
Steroids
- Found in association with fats because they are
insoluble Not a true fat
- Found in hormones, nerve tissue, toad venom,
plant poisons
- The most biologically significant steroids are
derived from cholesterol including estrogen and
testosterone
- Athletic steroids slowly destroy internal organs
and not the muscles
24Testing for Lipids
Translucence Test lipids leave a
semi-transparent spot on brown paper (non-lipids
do not)
Solubility Test lipids are insoluble in water
and soluble in organic solvents (like lighter
fluid)
Sudan III Test lipids stain red in Sudan III
non-lipids do not stain (and if it is a solution,
the non-lipid solution will look pink due to the
dilution of the Sudan III)
25Proteins
Definition, Function, and Use of Proteins
- Help support and strengthen materials in tissues
outside of the cell including bones, cartilage,
tendons, ligaments
- Help store and transport other substances
- Help defend the body against foreign substances
(bacteria, viruses, etc.)
- Help speed up certain chemical reactions in the
cell with the aid of enzymes
- Categorized as an organic compound because it
contains carbon. Also hydrogen, oxygen
nitrogen.
26Proteins
Examples of Proteins
27Proteins
Building Blocks of Proteins
Amino acids
What are Amino Acids
- They string together to form long chains which
make specific proteins
- More than 20 different types
- Can form dipeptide and polypeptide chains
- Dipeptides 2 amino acids bonded together
- Polypeptides polymers of amino acids
- Protein one or more polypeptides folded and
coiled into specific conformations.
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29Proteins
4 Examples of Amino Acids
30Asparagine
- widely available in plant protein (like
asparagus)
- required by the nervous system to maintain
homoestasis
- Required for amino acid transformation from one
form to the other which is achieved in the liver
- Also found in dairy, beef, poultry and eggs
31Histidine
- compound released by immune system cells during
an allergic reaction
- needed for growth and for the repair of tissue
- Required for the manufacture of both red and
white blood cells
- Maintains the myelin sheaths that act as
protector for nerve cells
- Helpful in producing gastric juices
- Found in dairy, meat, poultry, fish, rice, wheat
and rye
32Leucine
- helps with the regulation of blood-sugar levels
- Growth and repair of muscle tissue (such as
bones, skin and muscles)
- Growth hormone production
- Can assist to prevent the breakdown of muscle
proteins that sometimes occur after trauma or
severe stress
- Found in protein foods, as well as brown rice,
beans, nuts and whole wheat
33Tryptophan
- Required for the production of niacin (vitamin
B3)
- Needed for production of serotonin, a
neuro- transmitter that is important for normal
nerve and brain function important in sleep,
stabilizing emotional moods, pain control,
inflammation, intestinal peristalsis, etc
- Important in controlling hyperactivity in
children, assists in alleviating stress, helps
with weight loss and reducing appetite
- Found in cottage cheese, meat, soy protein and
peanuts
34Proteins
How are Enzymes Related to Proteins
- A catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in
the cell
- Breaks down proteins into amino acids
35Enzymes
In association with proteins...
- Reactions depend on the physical fit between the
enzyme molecule and its substrate (like a lock
and key)
- The enzyme conforms to the reactant's shape and
reduces the activation energy.
- After the reaction, the new products are
released and the enzyme remains unchanged so it
can be used again.
36Testing for Proteins
Biuret Solution- test gives a pink-to-purple
reaction in the presence of protein. Biuret
powder can be used to demonstrate this classic
color reaction as well.
37Nucleic Acids
Definition, Function, and Use of Nucleic Acids
- The building blocks of living organisms
- Complex organic molecules that store important
information in the cell DNA RNA
- Help in the process of making proteins
- Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorous
38Nucleic Acids
Subunit of Nucleic Acids
- Nucleotides- made up of a sugar, a phosphate and
a base
- Bases- adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine,
uracil - Thymine is found in DNA but not in RNA
- Uracil is found in RNA but not in DNA
39Nucleic Acids
DNA
- Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
- Store genetic information that is essential for
all cell activities
- Primarily found in the nucleus of a cell
- Controls the production of proteins within the
cell form the structural unit of cells and
controls all chemical processes within the cell
40Nucleic Acids
RNA
- Stands for ribonucleic acid
- Stores and transfers info that is necessary for
protein manufacturing
- Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm
- 3 types mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA
(ribosomal)