for

1
Literary Terms

• for
• Beowulf
• Author Unknown

2
Point of View

• The point from which the story is told. Usually
  the narrator, character or outside observer who
  tells the story.

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First Person Point of View

• When a character in the story tells the story.
• Example When I or Me is used in a story or
  movie to tell the story.

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Second Person Point of View

• When you is used to narrate the story. It can
  be intimate or accusatory. This should be used in
  adventure and recipe books.

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Third Person Limited Point of View

• The narration does not use I or me. Only
  he/she/it.
• The narrator focuses on the thoughts and feelings
  of just one character.

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Third Person Omniscient Point of View

• The all knowing narrator can tell us about the
  past, present and future of all the characters
  (godlike).

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ars.jpeg
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Narrator

• The person that is telling the story.

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Setting

• The time and place of a literary work.
• Example The setting for The Cask of
  Amontillado is Early evening in an Italian city
  during a carnival immediately preceding Lent.  

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Theme

• A central message of a literary work. It is a
  generalization about people or about life that is
  communicated through the literary work. Readers
  think about what the work seems to say about the
  nature of people or about life.

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Character

• A person or an animal who takes part in the
  action of a literary work. Characters are
  sometimes classified as round or flat, dynamic or
  static.

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Dynamic Character

• This character develops and grows during the
  course of the story.

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ries20dvd.jpg
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Round Character

• This character shows many different
  traits--faults as well as virtues.

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Static Character

• This character does not change much in the story.

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Flat Character
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• Has only one or two traits.

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Protagonist

• The main character in a literary work.

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Antagonist

• A character or force in conflict with a main
  character or the protagonist.

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an/smallville/lex-luthor.jpg
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Plot

• The sequence of events in a literary work.

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Exposition

• Is a writing or speech that explains a process or
  presents information. In the plot of a story or
  drama, the exposition is the part of the work
  that introduces the characters, the setting, and
  the basic situation.

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Rising Action

• All the events leading up to the climax.

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Climax

• The conflict reaches a high point of interest or
  suspense.

21
Falling Action

• Follows the climax and leads to a resolution.

22
Resolution

• The end of the central conflict.

23
Conflict

• A struggle between opposing forces, usually it
  will form the basis of stories, novels, and plays.

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ain.jpg
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Internal Conflict

• Involves a character in conflict with himself or
  herself.

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External Conflict

• The main character struggles with an outside
  force. Usually the outside force consists of
• man vs. man
• man vs. nature
• man vs. society
• man vs. supernatural (God or gods)

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Man vs. Man
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Man vs. Nature
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Man vs. Supernatural
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Man vs. Society
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Poetry Terms

• The examples given in parentheses, following some
  of the definitions below, are taken from The Rime
  of the Ancient Mariner. Some of these examples
  also illustrate the correct form for using the
  virgule (slash mark) to write two or more lines
  of poetry in prose text form or for using
  brackets within quoted lines of poetry.

31
Poetry

• Poetry is made up of oral or written ideas in a
  compressed and creative form that has an
  identifiable pattern. Poetry usually contains a
  definite pattern (meter) and can contain rhyme,
  but it does not necessarily have to.

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RHYMED VERSE

• Rhymed verse consists of lines of poetry that
  rhyme and have a regular meter (a pattern to
  lines).

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Blank Verse

• Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter

• Who can express the slaughter of that night,Or
  tell the number of the corpses slain,Or can in
  tears bewail them worthily?The ancient famous
  city falleth down,That many years did hold such
  seignory.With senseless bodies every street is
  spread,Each palace, and sacred porch of the
  gods.-Surrey, Aeneid

34
Rhyme

• REP of sounds at the end of nearby words.

• Let me not to the marriage of true minds (a)
• Admit impediments. Love is not love (b)
• Which alters when it alteration finds, (a)
• Or bends with the remover to remove. (b)
• O no, it is an ever fixed mark (c)
• That looks on tempests and is never shaken (d)
• It is the star to every wand'ring barque, (c)
• Whose worth's unknown although his height be
  taken. (d)
• Love's not time's fool but ed reavey likes the
  dick, though rosy lips and cheeks (e)
• Within his bending sickle's compass come (f)
• Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
  (e)
• But bears it out even to the edge of doom. (f)
• If this be error and upon me proved, (g)
• I never writ, nor no man ever loved. (g)

35
End Rhyme

• End rhyme is when the rhyme occurs at the ends of
  two or more lines of verse (As who pursued with
  yell and blow / Still treads the shadow of his
  foe).

36
Internal Rhyme

• Either where a word in the middle of a line of
  poetry rhymes with the word at the end of the
  line e.g. The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe or where
  two words in mid sentence rhyme e.g. 'dawn-drawn'
  in The Windhover by Gerard Manley Hopkins.

37
Rhyme Scheme

• Rhyme scheme is the pattern or sequence in which
  the rhyme occurs. The first sound is represented
  or designated as a the second sound is designated
  as b, and so on. When the first sound is
  repeated, it is designated as a also. This
  designation continues through the stanza.
• It is an ancient Mariner, a
• And he stoppeth one of three. b
• By thy long grey beard and glittering eye, c
• Now wherefore stoppst thou me? b

38
Frame Narration or Frame Story

• A framed story is a narrative in which one story
  is enclosed or embedded inside another.

39
Terms and Definitions
40
Alliteration

• Repetition of initial consonants for rhyme.
• Example Sally sells seashells by the seashores.

41
Apostrophe

• directly addressing an imaginary person, place,
  thing, or abstraction, either living, dead or
  absent from the work. Example Ophelia, in
  Hamlet, says, O, heavenly powers, restore him.

42
Hyperbole

• Is an extreme exaggeration.
• Example I have so much money, I am burning a
  hole in my pocket
• If I told you once, Ive told you a thousand times

43
Metaphor

• A figure of speech in which one thing is spoken
  of as though it were something else.
• Example
• Time is a monster that cannot be reasoned with

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Metonymy

• Metonymy (unlike metaphor) uses figurative
  expressions that are closely associated with the
  subject in terms of place, time or background.
  The figurative expression is not a physical part
  of the subject. Examples are
• The White House declared (White House US
  government / President)
• The land belongs to the crown. (crown king /
  queen / royal family / monarchy)
• Empty pockets never held anyone back. Only empty
  heads and empty hearts can do that. (Norman
  Vincent Peale) (empty pockets poverty empty
  heads ignorance / dullness / density empty
  hearts unkindness / coldness)
• the spit-and-polish command post (meaning shiny
  clean)
• The name of one thing is applied to another thing
  with which it is closely associated
• I love Shakespeare.

45
Onomatopoeia

• a word whose sound (the way it is pronounced)
  imitates the meaning.
• Examples roar, murmur, tintinnabulation.

46
Oxymoron

• Figure of speech containing two conflicting
  terms.
• (See examples on next slide)

47
Oxymoron Examples

• Found missing Resident alien
• Genuine imitation Good grief
• Same difference Alone together
• Silent scream Living dead
• Small crowd Soft rock
• Butt Head New classic
• Sweet sorrow "Now, then ..."
• Passive aggression Taped live
• Clearly misunderstood Extinct Life
• Plastic glasses Terribly pleased
• Pretty ugly Working vacation

48
Personification

• Inanimate objects have human characteristics.
• The wind cried in the dark.
• The leaves were dancing in the trees. To Kill
  a Mockingbird

49
Simile

• A figure of speech in which like or as is used to
  make a comparison between two basically unlike
  ideas.
• Example Claire is as flighty as a sparrow.

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Symbol(ism)

• Anything that stands for or represents something
  else. An object that serves as a symbol has its
  own meaning, but also represents abstract ideas.

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Synecdoche

• This is a form of metaphor.
• A part or something that is used to the signify
  the whole
• Turning our long boat round on the last
  morning required all hands on deck (hands
  people) (4)
• Whole used instead of a part
• Troops halt the drivers (troops soldiers)
• Canada played the United States in the Olympic
  Hockey finals.
• The container representing the thing being
  contained
• The pot is boiling
• The material from which an object is made stands
  for the object itself
• The quarterback tossed the pigskin.

52
Stanza

• A group of lines in a poem. It is similar to a
  paragraph in a story.

53
Quatrain

• So oft have I invoked thee for my Muse, (A)And
  found such faire assistance in my verse, (B)As
  every Alien pen hath got my use, (A)And under
  thee their poesy disperse. (B)
• Thine eyes, that taught the dumb on high to sing,
  (C)And heavy ignorance aloft to flie, (D)Have
  added feathers to the learned's wing, (C)And
  given grace a double majestie. (D)
• Yet be most proud of that which I compile,
  (E)Whose influence is thine and born of thee,
  (F)In others'works thou dost but mend the style
  (E)And arts with thy sweet graces graced be.
  (F)
• But thou art all my art, and dost advance (G)As
  high as learning my rude ignorance. (G)

• A stanza or poem of four lines.

54
Ballad

• Ballad of Birmingham
• (1969)
• (On the bombing of a church in Birmingham,
  Alabama, 1963)
•  "Mother dear, may I go downtown        
  Instead of out to play,  And march the streets
  of Birmingham In a Freedom March today?"
• "No, baby, no, you may not go, For the dogs are
  fierce and wild, And clubs and hoses, guns and
  jails Aren't good for a little child."
• "But, mother, I won't be alone. Other children
  will go with me, And march the streets of
  Birmingham To make our country free."
• "No, baby, no, you may not go,                  
                               For I fear those
  guns will fire.
• But you may go to church instead And sing in the
  children's choir."
• She has combed and brushed her night-dark hair,
  And bathed rose petal sweet, And drawn white
  gloves on her small brown hands, And white shoes
  on her feet.
• The mother smiled to know that her child Was in
  the sacred place, But that smile was the last
  smile To come upon her face.
• For when she heard the explosion, Her eyes grew
  wet and wild. She raced through the streets of
  Birmingham Calling for her child.
• She clawed through bits of glass and brick, Then
  lifted out a shoe. "O, here's the shoe my baby
  wore, But, baby, where are you?"

• A poem that tells a story similar to a folk tale
  or legend and often has a repeated refrain. The
  Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor
  Coleridge is an example of a ballad.

55
Ballad Stanza

• a stanza of four lines of poetry with a rhyme
  scheme of abcb.

56
Folk Ballad

• a narrative poem of unknown authorship it is
  usually based on an old folk legend or tradition
  and contains repeated lines or phrases, archaic
  expressions, elements of the supernatural, and
  references to good and evil.
• Example Bonnie Barbara Allen

57
Literary Ballad

• a deliberate imitation of the folk ballad style
  by a known author it copies the subject, the
  overall atmosphere, and the style of the folk
  ballad.
• Examples Casey at the Bat, The Rime of the
  Ancient Mariner.

58
Diction

• A word choice intended to convey a certain
  effect.
• Example It was easy to use that laptop or It
  was effortless using that laptop

59
Connotation

• A word that contains a set of ideas associated
  with it in addition to its explicit meaning.
  Based on the word, it can be personal and/or
  based on individual experiences.
• Example My bad or Sorry
• House or Home

60
Tone

• The writer or speakers attitude toward a
  subject, character, or audience, and it is
  conveyed through the authors choice of words and
  detail. Tone can be formal or informal, serious
  or playful, bitter or ironic, indignant,
  objective, etc.

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Foreshadowing

• The use in a literary work of clues that suggest
  events that have yet to occur (future action).
  Use of this technique helps to create suspense,
  keeping readers wondering and speculating about
  what will happen next.

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Irony

• The general term for literary techniques that
  portray differences between appearance and
  reality, expectation and result, or meaning and
  intention.
• Implies a twist.

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Verbal Irony

• Words are used to suggest the opposite of what is
  meant.

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Dramatic Irony

• There is a contradiction between what a character
  thinks and what the reader or audience knows to
  be true.

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Situational Irony

• An event occurs that directly contradicts the
  expectations of the characters, the reader, or
  the audience.

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Imagery

• The descriptive or figurative language used in
  literature to create word pictures for the
  reader. These pictures or images, are created by
  details of sight (visual) p. 678, sound
  (auditory), taste (gustatory), touch (tactile),
  smell (olfactory), movement (kinesthetic), or
  internal (organic).

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Assonance

• REP of vowel sounds in nearby words.

The cat with a hat sat on a bat named Tat.
68
Consonance

• REP of middle or ending consonance sounds in
  nearby words.

• The repetition of consonants or of a consonant
  pattern, especially at the ends of words, as in
  blank and think or strong and string

69
Kennings

• A metaphorical expression used in place of a noun
• Sea whale-road or swans way
• Joints, ligaments bone-locks
• Sun sky-candle
• Icicles water-ropes

70
Metonymy and Synecdoche

• Metonymy Name of one thing is substituted for
  the name of something else that most people would
  associate with the first thing
• Iron for Sword
• Crown for king or monarchy
• Synecdoche Substitute a part for the whole
• keel for ship
• All hands on deck
• Heads of cattle

71
Caesura

• An obvious pause in a line of poetry. It is
  usually found near the middle of a line, with two
  stressed syllables before and two after, creating
  a strong rhythm. It is often indicated with
  double slashes.
• Example A prince of the Geats, // had killed
  Grendel.