Alter

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Review for Exam I
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Gorry and Scott Morton Framework

• Robert Anthony
• Herbert Simon

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Information Requirements by Management Level
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Building and Maintaining Information systems

• What are the phases in building and maintaining
  information systems?

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Phases in Building and Maintaining Systems
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IT-Based Innovation

• What are some of the areas in which IT-based
  innovations have affected the following
  functional areas of business?

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IT-Based Innovation

• What are some of the areas in which IT-based
  innovations have affected the following
  functional areas of business?
• Product design systems
• procurement systems
• manufacturing systems
• sales and marketing systems
• delivery systems
• customer service systems
• finance systems

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Technology Trends

• How technology trends enabled IT-based innovation
  in business?

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Technology Trends

• How technology trends enabled IT-based innovation
  in business?
• Greater miniaturization, speed and portability
• greater connectivity and continuing convergence
  of computing and communications
• greater use of digitized information and
  multimedia
• better software techniques and interfaces with
  people.

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Obstacles to IT-Based Innovation

• What obstacles to real world limitations have
  slowed the pace of implementation for IT-based
  innovations?

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Obstacles to IT-Based Innovation

• What obstacles to real world limitations have
  slowed the pace of implementation for IT-based
  innovations?
• Unrealistic expectations and techno-hype
• difficulty building and maintaining information
  systems.
• Difficulty integrating IT-based systems.
• Organizational inertia, resistance and problems
  with change
• genuine difficulty anticipating what will happen

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Work Systems

• What six elements can be used to summarize any
  work system?

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Work Systems
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Work Systems

• What is the relationship between information
  systems and work systems?

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Work Systems
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Work Systems

• What five perspectives can be used for thinking
  about work systems?

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Five Perspectives for Understanding a Work System

• ARCHITECTURE
• What are the components of the system that
  performs the work and who uses the work
  product?
• How are the components linked?
• How do the components operate together?
• PERFORMANCE
• How well do the components operate individually?
• How well does the system operate? (How well is
  the work performed?)
• How well should the system operate?
• INFRASTRUCTURE
• What technical and human infrastructure does the
  work rely on?
• In what ways does infrastructure present
  opportunities or obstacles?
• CONTEXT
• What are the impacts of the organizational and
  technical context?
• In what ways does the context present
  opportunities or obstacles?
• RISKS
• What foreseeable things can prevent the work from
  happening,
• can make the work inefficient, or can cause
  defects in the work product?
• What are the likely responses to these problems?

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Work Systems

• What is the relationship between process
  architecture, process performance, and product
  performance?

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Work Systems

• What is the relationship between process
  architecture, process performance, and product
  performance?
• Improvements in a work system are usually related
  to the links between the architecture and the
  performance perspectives.
• Customer satisfaction is largely determined by
  product performance.
• Product performance is determined by a
  combination of product architecture and the
  internal work system performance

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From work system architecture to customer
satisfaction
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Systems Analysis

• What are the steps in systems analysis and how
  can business professionals apply these steps?

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Systems Analysis
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The 10 Issues in the Work-Centered Analysis
Method
Systems analysis step 1. Define the problem 2.
Describe the current work system in enough depth
and 3. Design potential improvements 4.Decide
what to do
Corresponding issues for thinking about a
system Issue 1 Problem Definition Issue 2
Improvements from product changes Issue 3
Improvements from process changes Issue 4
Improvements related to work system
participants Issue 5 Improvements from better
information Issue 6 Improvements from better
technology Issue 7 Improvements from shared
infrastructure Issue 8 Improvements related to
the business context Issue 9 Improvements from
risk reduction Issue 10 Recommendation
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Business Processes

• What is the role of data flow diagrams in process
  modeling?

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Business Processes

• What is the role of data flow diagrams in process
  modeling?
• Represent the flow of data between different
  processes in a work system.
• They reflect nothing on decision criteria, timing
  of sub-processes, and other details.
• Context diagram is a first-level DFD.

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Business Processes

• What business process characteristics can be used
  to describe system design choices impacting
  business process success?

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Business Processes

• Seven Characteristics that often affect business
  process performance
• Degree of Structure
• Range of Involvement
• Level of Integration
• Complexity
• Degree of Reliance on Machines
• Attention to Planning, Execution, and Control
• Treatment of Exceptions, Errors, and Malfunctions
  

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Business Processes

• What are different levels for imposing structure
  on work?

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Business Processes

• What are different levels for imposing structure
  on work?

DEGREE TO WHICH STRUCTURE IS IMPOSED Highest
Substitution of technology for people High
Enforcement of rules or procedures Low Access
to information or tools
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Business Processes

• What are the five possible levels of integration
  of business processes?

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Business Processes

• What are the five possible levels of integration
  of business processes?
• Level of integration - the level or degree of
  mutual cooperation or responsiveness between
  distinct activities or processes.

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Five levels of integration between business
processes
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Five levels of integration between business
processes - continued
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Five levels of integration between business
processes - continued
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Management Support

• In what ways do information systems support
  various management roles?

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Information systems related to Mintzbergs
management roles
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Common Sources of Management Information
FORMAL, COMPUTER-BASED Internal sources Key
indicators generated by internal tracking
systems External sources Public
databases FORMAL, DOCUMENT-BASED Internal
sources Planning reports, internal
audits External sources Industry reports, books,
magazines FORMAL, VERBAL Internal sources
Scheduled meetings External sources Industry
forums INFORMAL Internal sources Lunch
conversations, gossip, management-by-walking-aroun
d External sources Trade shows, personal contacts
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Data Modeling

• What is the role of entity-relationship diagrams
  in data modeling?

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Data Modeling

• What is the role of entity-relationship diagrams
  in data modeling?
• From a users perspective, most issues about
  organizing and accessing information boil down
  to
• What information is in the system?
• How is the information Organized?
• How can users obtain whatever information they
  need?
• Important aspects of E-R diagrams are entities,
  relationships, and attributes.

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• What is the relationship between data,
  information, and knowledge?