Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution

• Great Britain Middle Ages to 1900s

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Farming in the Middle Ages

• Villages feed themselves ( subsistence farming)
• One of three fields left fallow (empty) to regain
  fertility
• Animals grazed in common pastures

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Disadvantages

• Land use is inefficient
• Farmers did not experiment with new farming
  methods

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Forces for Change

• Population is growing
• French Blockade- no corn- more food is needed

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Agricultural Revolution

• Enclosure Movement
• Crop Rotation
• Other discoveries

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Enclosure Movement

• Wealthy landowners fenced in pastures began
  experimenting with new farming techniques
• Villages lost common lands and political power
• Peasants became poorer

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Crop Rotation

• Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop are
  replenished by planting different crops
• Fields are not left inefficiently fallow

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Other Discoveries

• Seed drill planted seeds efficiently
• New crops introduced corn potato

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Results of the Agricultural Revolution

• More food is available
• Population increases

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Cottage Industry Early Capitalism

• Merchants Role supplied materials took
  supplies from spinning to weaving to dying
  cottages to finished cloth sold products
• Capitalism an economic system based n private
  ownership, free competition, and profit (cottage
  industry)
• Effects big profits, new merchant class, income
  for peasants

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Textile Industry

• Cottage industry did not keep up with demand
• Spinning jenny water frame, spinning mule all
  improved spinning
• Power loom sped up weaving
• Cotton gin separated seeds from cotton

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Rise of the Factory

• New machines, too big for homes needed large
  buildings (factories)
• Factories are located near a power source
  (coal-iron-water)

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Effects of Textile Factories

• Prices of mass-produced goods lower than hand
  produced
• Textile industry increased
• Majority of villagers forced to leave farms to
  work in factories (rise of cities)

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Need for Energy

• Early factories relied on horses, oxen, mules,
  water mills
• Steam engine evolved in response to the increased
  need for power
• Steam engine works by forcing steam from high to
  low pressure thus producing power.

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Effects of the Steam Engine

• Steam power, used where coal exists, increased
  textile production
• Improved mining
• Increased mining of metals, which fueled other
  industries

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Need for Iron Coal

• Iron needed for farming tools, new factory
  machines, railways
• Smelting makes iron more pure, requires carbon

• Carbon, from coal, needed to smelt iron
• Steam engines powered by coal

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Effects of Iron Coal

• Britain produced more iron than all other
  countries of the world combined
• Coal powered Britains enormous navy

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Transportation

• Need increased production increased need to
  transport goods quickly cheaply
• Pre-industrial society used horses, mules, and
  dirt roads
• Inventions stone asphalt roads canals
  railroads in 1829 ROCKET

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Effects of the Railroads

• Expanded rapidly throughout Britain
• Cheaper transportation increased profits
  production
• Railways fueled other industries coal, steam
  engines, iron, steel, and manufactured products

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Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

• Geography
• Government
• Social Factors
• Colonial Empire
• Economic Conditions

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Geography

• Climate good for textile production
• Plenty of natural resources iron coal
• Separation from European continent kept them out
  of wars

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Government

• Internal trade is encouraged
• Population is allowed to relocate
• Helped build canals and roads

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Social Factors

• British society is less rigid than other European
  countries

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Colonial Empire

• Supplied Raw Materials
• Provided market for manufactured goods

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Economic Conditions

• 1600-1700s Britain traded with other countries
  and prospered
• Britain had the money to invest in new inventions
  enterprises such as shipping, mines,
  railroads, factories
• Peasants middle class had money to spend on
  goods

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Advantages of Industrializing First

• No other countries competing for manufactured
  goods
• Monopoly on technology

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Problems of Industrialization

• Health
• Living Conditions
• Child labor
• Low wages
• Violence ( trade clubs unions)

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Hold the Fort

• We meet today in freedoms cause and raise our
  voices high well join our hands in union strong
  to battle or to die.
• (chorus) Hold the fort for we are coming. Union
  men, be strong! Side by side we battle onward
  victory will come.

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Hold the Fort

• Look, my comrades, see the union banners waiving
  high, reinforcements now appearing, Victory is
  nigh.
• (chorus) Hold the fort for we are coming. Union
  men, be strong! Side by side we battle onward
  victory will come.

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Hold the Fort

• See our numbers still increasing hear the bugle
  blow. By our union we shall triumph over every
  foe.
• (chorus) Hold the fort for we are coming. Union
  men, be strong! Side by side we battle onward
  victory will come.

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Hold the Fort

• Fierce and long the battle rages, but we will
  not fear. Help will come wheneer its needed,
  cheer my comrades cheer.
• (chorus) Hold the fort for we are coming. Union
  men, be strong! Side by side we battle onward
  victory will come.

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Class Struggle

• Karl Marx Friedrich Engles
• Communist Manifesto
• Socialism vs. Capitalism
• Socialism begins in Belgium, France, Germany,
  et.al.

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Robert Owens Textile Mill

• Fed workers
• Clothed workers
• Instructed workers
• Decent housing
• Limited working hours

• Better treatment of workers meant happier
  healthier workers which meant increased
  production and increased profit

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Industrial Revolution Inventors

• Eli Whitney- cotton gin interchangable parts
• Jethro Tull- seed drill
• John Kay- flying shuttle
• James Hargreaves- spinning jenny
• Richard Arkwright- waterframe
• George Stephenson- steam powered locomotives

• Steam Engine Thomas Newcomen James Watt (
  Father of the Industrial Revolution) Robert
  Fulton(Clermont)

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The Industrial Revolution

• A Chain Reaction

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Other Inventors/Inventions

• Orville Wilbur Wright- airplane
• Elias Howe- sewing machine
• Louis Daguerre- photography

• Henry Bessemer- purified steel
• Alfred Nobel- dynamite
• Alessandro Volta- battery
• Michael Faraday- electric motor
• Thomas Edison- light bulb

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Still More Inventions Inventors

• Nikolas Otto- gasoline powered combustion engine
• Karl Benz- automobile
• Henry Ford- 1st auto in U.S.A.
• Samuel Morse- telegraph

• Alexander Graham Bell- telephone
• Giglielmo Marconi- radio
• Inventions too numerous to mention all of them

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Long term effects of the I.R.

• Growth of labor unions
• Inexpensive new products
• Spread of Industrialization
• Rise of Big Business
• Expansion of public education

• Expansion of the middle class
• Competition for world trade
• Progress in medical care
• New inventions

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Industrial Revolution Homework Assignment

• Interview your parents, grandparents ELDEST
  family member. Ask each person to name three
  inventions they personally remember being
  invented. Inquire as to what life was like before
  the invention, what they remember about the
  invention, and how life has changed as a result
  of it. Then, write an essay explaining your
  findings.

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Write a 5 Paragraph Essay

• Introduction
• Parents
• Grandparents
• Eldest family member
• Conclusion

Final, Typed, Double-Spaced Essay Due on
February 20th.
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Connections of the I.R. to Today

• Improvements in world health
• Growth in population
• Industrialization in developing nations
• New energy sources coal nuclear power

• Mass media
• Mass entertainment
• Efforts to regulate world trade NAFTA EU
• Rising standards of living

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Is Technology a Blessing or a Curse?

• Does technology always benefit us?
• Is it a curse?
• What is technologys influence?
• Will there ever be an end to technology?
• Is the Industrial Revolution still going on today?

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Questions?????????