Chemistry 101

1
Chemistry 101
2
Elements are completely pure.

• All Matter is made up of Elements
• They are only made of one type of ATOM

HELIUM ATOM
3
Elements make up all living things.

• O Oxygen
• C Carbon
• H Hydrogen
• N Nitrogen

4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
Rules for writing element symbols

• Must print
• 1st letter capitalized
• 2nd letter lower case
• Why?
• Ex. CO vs. Co
• Carbon Oxygen vs Cobalt

7
Atom

• Smallest particle of an element that still has
  the characteristics of that element

Atom of Sodium
8
                                           Actu
al photograph of atoms of germanium in an
ink-blot.
9
Structure of an atom

• Nucleus
• Proton (p)
• Neutron (n)
• Electron cloud
• Electron (e-)

10
Molecules Compounds

• A molecule is two or more atoms chemically
  combined together!

The molecules bond with each other by sharing
electrons.

• A compound is matter made up of the group of same
  type of molecules Not a mixture, because a brand
  new substance is formed!
• Can only be separated through a chemical change!

The compounds also share electrons. However,
these joins are called ionic bonds.
11
Compound

• Compounds are pure substances
• Only made of one type of molecule!
• Example Sodium Chloride

Element

• Elements are pure substances
• Only made of one type of atom!
• Example Gold

12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
Counting Atoms in a Molecule
21
Counting Elements Every Capital letter is the
beginning of a new element in the formula.  
NaCl
2 elements Na Cl
22
Counting Atoms A small number, below and to the
right of the element symbol, is called a
subscript of atoms 
C6H12O6
6 C atoms 12 H atoms 6 O atoms 24 total
atoms
23

• Counting Total Atoms in Compounds
• A large number at the beginning of a formula
  signals that there are two of that molecule.
• Count the total atoms after the 2
• Then multiply the group by 2
• 2 CuSO4

CuSO4 6 atoms
6 x 2 12 total atoms
3 Elements
24

• Parentheses and subscripts
• Add the inside of (parentheses) first.
• Multiply the ( ) by the subscript.
• Add the other atoms to your answer
• NaH(CO3)4

CO3 CO3 CO3 CO3
4 Elements 18 Total Atoms
25
Why Chemical Reactions Occur

• Three things to remember
• Atoms want to be stable!
• Atoms with full outer levels are stable
• Atoms will do anything to become stable!

Chemical Reaction Example
26
Electron energy levels

• Are regions where electrons travel around the
  nucleus .
• Each energy level can only hold a certain number
  of electrons
• 1st Shell 2 electrons
• 2nd Shell 8 electrons

27
3
Li
28
Famous Families

• Noble Gases
• Non-reactive
• Full outer shell

29
Famous Families

• Alkali Metals
• Highly Reactive with water and the Halogens

Demos
30
Famous Families

• Halogens
• Highly Reactive with alkali metals

31
2 types of Chemical Bonding

• Covalent bonding atoms share electrons
• Ex. Oxygen (Oxygen bonds with oxygen)

• Ionic atoms gain or lose an electron
• Ex. Chlorine needs one electron and sodium has
  one extra to give.
• This changes their charge and makes NaCl

32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)