Backyard Fruit Production

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Backyard Fruit Production
David L. Marrison, OSU AG NR Agent
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Why have fruit in the backyard?

• It is yummy!
• You can pick your favorite.
• Can add beauty to landscape.
• Allows you to learn more about new
• bugs and diseases!

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Objectives

• To learn about the basics for
• backyard fruit production.
• To lean how soil, climate,
• fertilization, pruning, insects
• diseases affect fruit production.
• Learn what resources are
• available for your help!

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Selected literature for backyard fruit production
and plant health management

• Bulletin 436. Ohio Strawberry Manual 5.00 plus
  tax.
• Bulletin 591. Growing and Using Fruit at Home
  3.25 plus tax.
• Bulletin 780. Controlling Diseases and Insects
  in Home Fruit Planting 3.50 plus tax.
• Bulletin 782. Brambles Production Management and
  Marketing. 6.50 plus tax.
• Bulletin 815. Grapes Production, Management and
  Marketing 7.75 plus tax.
• Bulletin 861. Midwest Small Fruit Pest
  Management Handbook

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• To get more information about plant diseases
  visit the websites below.
• http//www.ag.ohio-state.edu/plantdoc/extension.p
  hp
• http//www.ohioline.ag.ohio-state.edu

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Soil pH

• Scale is 1 to 14.
• Measure of degree of acidity or
• alkalinity of the soil.
• Acid or sour soils are between
• and 6.9.
• Neutral is 7.
• Soils from 7.1 to 14 are basic or sweet.

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pH of everyday products

• Battery Acid
• Lemon Juice
• Pepsi
• Rain
• Distilled Water
• Baking Soda
• Ammonia
• Bleach

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pH of everyday products

• Battery Acid-1
• Lemon Juice-2
• Vinegar-3
• Pepsi-4
• Rain-5.8
• Distilled Water-7
• Baking Soda-8.2
• Ammonia-11
• Bleach-12

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Soil pH

• Nutrients become less available at pH extremes.
• Knowing plants knowing pH success
• Tree fruits small fruits like pH of 5.5-6.5
• Strawberries need pH of 5.8-6.5
• Grapes like pH of 5.0-6.0
• Blackberries Raspberries like pH of 5.8-6.5
• Blueberries need an acid pH of 4.0-5.2

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Plant Nutrition

• Refers to the availability and type of basic
  chemicals in the plant.

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Plant Fertilization

• Is the process of adding nutrients to the soil or
  leaves so that they can be utilized by the plant.

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What are the Major Nutrients that Plants Need?

• Remember that plants like to eat at C. Hopkns
  Café while reading a magazine.
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium,
  Nitrogen, Sulfur, Calcium, Iron, and Magnesium.

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Micro-Nutrients

• Boron, Copper, Chlorine, Iron, Manganese,
  Molybdenum, and Zinc.

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Dont GuessSoil Test

• Soil tests will let you know what nutrients are
  available as well as the pH.
• Many labs available for testing-9.00/test.

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Site Selection

• Soils
• Well drained
• Fertile
• Slope and Air Drainage
• Frost pockets
• Sunlight

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Fruit Tree Management
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Pruning Tree Fruits

• Should not be a good shade tree.
• Prune late in dormant season.
• Make all cuts just beyond a bud or branch.
• Spread pruning over a few years for out of
  control trees-Rule of 1/3.

See FactSheet 1150
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Apple Insects Diseases

• Growers may encounter problems with apple
  scab, cedar apple rust, powdery mildew, sooty
  blotch, fly speck, black rot, white rot and fire
  blight.
• Bugs such as codling moth, apple maggot, rosy
  apple aphid, San Jose Scale, and leafrollers.

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Apple Insect Pests
Codling Moth
Apple Maggot
Plum Curculio (weevil)
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Apple Insect Pests
Codling Moth
Apple Maggot
Plum Curculio (weevil)
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Early Season Diseases of Apple

• Apple scab
• Cedar apple rust
• Powdery mildew
• These diseases develop in the orchard between bud
  break and early to mid summer.
• Control measures for these diseases need to be
  conducted during this period.

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Apple Scab
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Cedar-Apple Rust
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Powdery Mildew
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Management of Early Season Apple Diseases

• Free water (wet conditions) is required for most
  fungal pathogens to infect plants. Any practice
  that promotes faster drying of fruit and foliage
  is beneficial for disease control.
• Site selection
• Select a site with good air movement all-day sun
  light, and good soil drainage.
• Do not plant trees in shaded areas.

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Management of Early Season Apple Diseases

• Canopy management
• Control timing and amount of nitrogen fertilizer
  to prevent excessive growth.
• Prune out and destroy all dead or diseased shoots
  and limbs while trees are dormant (mid-March is
  usually a good time).
• Prune healthy growth to improve air movement and
  sunlight penetration, to minimize shading and
  decrease drying time of leaves and fruit during
  the growing season.

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Management of Early Season Apple Diseases

• Sanitation
• Apple scab-Rake and destroy fallen leaves
  including those from nearby crabapple, before
  growth starts in the spring.
• Cedar-apple rust-Remove nearby infected cedars or
  junipers. If infected plants are not removed,
  remove all galls in winter or early spring before
  sporehornes form.
• These sanitation measures will reduce the number
  of spores that can initiate these diseases.
• Fungicides
• On susceptible varieties, fungicides may be
  required to obtain an acceptable level of disease
  control.

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Management of Early Season Apple Diseases

• Use of disease resistant apple varieties
• Several apple varieties have high level of
  resistance to apple scab, cedar-apple rust and
  powdery mildew. The following varieties have good
  resistance to all three diseases and are ideal
  for backyard production. Using these cultivars
  should eliminate the need for fungicides to
  control the early season disease complex.
• Early season varieties Redfree, Prima, Jonafree,
  Sir Prize
• Mid-season varieties Novamac, Liberty, Freedom
• Late-season varieties Enterprise, Goldrush
• Other disease resistant varieties are available.

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Late Season or Summer Diseases of Apple

• Sooty blotch
• Fly speck
• Black rot
• White rot
• These diseases develop in the orchard from
  shortly after petal fall through harvest
  therefore, they are often referred to as summer
  diseases.
• Control measures for these diseases need to be
  conducted during this period.

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Sooty Blotch and Fly Speck
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Black Rot and Frogeye Leaf Spot
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White Rot
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Management of Summer Diseases(Sooty blotch,
Fly speck, Black rot, and White rot)

• Free water (wet conditions) is required for these
  fungal pathogens to infect plants. Any practice
  that promotes faster drying of fruit and foliage
  is beneficial for disease control.
• Site selection
• Select a site with good air movement all-day sun
  light, and good soil drainage.
• Do not plant trees in shaded areas.

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Management of Summer Diseases

• Canopy management
• Control timing and amount of nitrogen fertilizer
  to prevent excessive growth.
• Prune trees annually during the dormant season
  (mid-March is usually a good time). Opening up to
  tree canopy results in improved air movement and
  sunlight penetration . This reduces shading and
  decreases drying time of fruit and foliage.
• Remove wild hosts
• Remove and destroy nearby wild or neglected
  apple trees. Wild brambles (raspberry and
  blackberry) serve as a reservoir for sooty blotch
  and fly speck and should be removed.

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Management of Summer Diseases

• Sanitation Black rot and White rot
• Prune out and destroy all dead wood, cankers, and
  black rot mummies.
• Fungicides
• Especially if fruit rots are a problem,
  fungicides may be required to obtain an
  acceptable level of disease control.
• Special Note Since sooty blotch and fly speck
  are superficial and rarely affect fruit quality,
  removal of the fungus by washing, rubbing, or
  pealing fruit results in fruit that is acceptable
  for cooking or eating fresh.

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Other important Diseases of ApplePhytophthora
Crown and Root Rot

• Symptoms
• Above ground
• Infected trees may decline slowly over one or
  more years, or they may collapse and die rapidly.
  
• On declining trees, leaves are small and
  chlorotic (yellow) when compared to leaves on
  healthy trees.
• On trees that decline gradually, a reddish or
  purple discoloration of the leaves often occurs
  in autumn, while leaves on healthy trees remain
  green.

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Phytophthora Crown and Root Rot

• Symptoms
• Below ground
• A diagnostic reddish-brown discoloration of the
  inner bark and wood can be observed on the crown
  or main roots of infected plants.
• A sharp line separates the reddish-brown
  (diseased) and white (healthy) portion of the
  crown.

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Phytophthora Crown and Root Rot

• Disease development
• Caused by several species of the fungus
  Phytophthora.
• The fungus overwinters and persists in soil for
  many years.
• The fungus requires extremely wet or saturated
  soils in order to infect and cause significant
  damage thus good soil drainage is important for
  control.
• When soils are saturated, the fungus produces
  spores, called zoospores. Zoospores use flagella
  to swim to susceptible plant tissue where they
  cause infection.
• The longer the period or periods of soil
  saturation, the greater the risk of infection.
• Some species may also be introduced to the
  orchard on contaminated planting stock or through
  movement of contaminated soil.

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Management of Phytophthora Crown and Root Rot

• Proper site selection
• Plant in well-drained soil.
• Select a site that does not have a previous
  history of problems with collar rot.
• Use disease resistant rootstocks
• Pears are resistant to collar rot.
• Collar rot resistance in various apple
  rootstocks
• ResistantM-2, M-4, M-9, Ottawa
• Moderately resistant.M-7, M-11
• Susceptible.M-26, MM-106
• Highly susceptible..MM-104

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Fire Blight of apple and pears
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Management of fire blight

• Pruning
• Prune out blighted twigs and cankers during the
  dormant season. This may decrease the pathogen
  inoculum level for the following season.
• If blighted twigs are pruned out during summer,
  cuts should be made l2 to l5 inches below
  diseased wood and pruning tools should be
  disinfected by dipping in a 210 solution of
  household bleach in water after each cut.
• Proper fertilization
• Excessive nitrogen fertilizer and heavy pruning
  will promote vigorous growth of succulent tissue
  which is more susceptible to fire blight. Avoid
  excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer and apply
  fertilizer only in the spring.
• Control insects
• Sucking insects create wounds through which fire
  blight bacteria can enter.

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Management of fire blight

• Use resistant varieties

Pears Resistant Ayers Kieffer, Magness,
Moonglow, Potomac, Honeysweet, Harrow Sweet,
Horrow Delight, Monterey, Tyson Moderately
resistant Dawn, Douglas, Garber, Seckel,
Spartlett, Luscious, Lincoln, Harvest Quenn,
Worden Seckel Highly Susceptible Aurora,
Barlett, Bosc, Clapp, Fovarite, Red Barlett,
Reimer Red, Starkrimson

• Apple
• Moderately resistant Jonafree, Melrose,
  Northwestern Greenings, Nova, Easygro, Prima,
  Priscilla, Quinte, Red Delicious, Redfree, Sir
  Prize, Winesap.
• Moderately susceptible Dutches, Empire, Golden
  Delicious, Haralson, Jonagold, Jonamac,
  Jerseymac, Liberty. McIntosh, Minjon, Northern
  Spy, Novamac, Spartan
• Highly susceptible Beacon, Cortland, Fuji, Gala,
  Granny Smith, Idared, Jonathan, Lodi, Monroe,
  Mutsa (Crispin), Paulared, Roma, Beauty, Wayne,
  Wealthy, Yellow Transparent.

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Using Fungicides For Apple Disease Control

• Fungicides are very important for disease control
  in commercial apple production, and may be
  required in backyard apple production if highly
  susceptible varieties are grown however, the
  emphasis for disease control in backyard apple
  production should be placed on the use of disease
  resistance and the various cultural practices
  previously mentioned.

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Using Fungicides For Apple Disease Control

• If diseases such as apple scab, cedar-apple rust,
  powdery mildew or fruit rots become established
  in the planting, fungicides may be required in
  order to obtain acceptable fruit quality.
• There are a few fungicides available for
  homeowners that should be useful in backyard
  apple plantings.

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Wisdom from Will Rogers

• There are three kinds of men. The ones that
  learn by reading. The few that learn by
  observation. The rest of them have to pee on the
  electric fence for themselves.

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Plant Management for Backyard Strawberry
Plantings
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What is the difference between June-Bearing,
Everbearers, and Day Neutral Strawberries?
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Management Keys for Strawberries

• Plant in Full Sun.
• Like loose fertile soil with high O.M.
• Sensitive to excessive soil
• moisture.
• Avoid areas where potatoes,
• tomatoes, or sod was grown recently.
• Plant in spring.

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Management Keys for Strawberries

• Cover roots and ½ crown. Do not bend
• roots horizontally.
• Space June Bearers 12-24 apart in 36
• rows. Day-Neutral 8-12 apart.
• Plant in Full Sun.
• Remove flower stalks of June Bearers
• in Year 1.

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Planting Procedure for Strawberries
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Management Keys for Strawberries

• May have to irrigateneed 1 inch/week.
• Renovate after 3 harvest seasons.
• Control disease insect problems.
• Use winter mulch.

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Strawberry Insects Diseases

• Growers may encounter problems with leaf spot,
  leaf scorch, leaf blight, powdery mildew, red
  stele fungus, verticillium wilt, black root-rot,
  gray mold, leather rot.
• Bugs such as meadow spittlebug, strawberry sap
  beetle, strawberry clipper, and tarnished plant
  bug, slugs, and mites.

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Strawberry Pests
Strawberry Weevil
Strawberry Sap Beetle
Tarnished Plant Bug
Slug
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Common Diseases on Fruit

• Gray mold (Botrytis fruit rot)

Leather rot
Pathogen Botrytis cinerea
Pathogen Phytophthora cactorum
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Gray mold

• Symptoms
• gray, dusty-looking fungal growth on ripening
  berries

Early (left) and late (right) stages of botrytis
fruit rot on strawberry.
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Leather rot

• Symptoms
• On green fruit, brown, firm spots develop. The
  entire berry may be discolored (brown).
• On ripe fruit, light to dark purple or brown
  areas develop. These areas are generally dull in
  color.

• Infected fruit have a distinctive bitter taste
  and unpleasant odor.

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Management of fruit rot diseases
Free water (wet conditions) is required for most
fungal pathogens to infect fruit. Any practice
that promotes faster drying of fruit and foliage
is beneficial for disease control.
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Management of fruit rot diseases

• Site selection
• Select a site with good air movement and sun
  exposure (promote faster drying).
• Canopy control
• Control timing and amount of nitrogen fertilizer
  to prevent excessive growth.
• Control weeds
• weeds decrease air circulation.
• controlling weeds promotes faster drying of fruit
  and foliage.
• Mulch
• Use a layer of straw mulch to create a barrier
  between fruit and soil.

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Management of fruit rot diseases

• Irrigation
• Irrigate early in the day, so plants dry faster.
• Handling
• Pick fruit carefully, avoid bruising
• Process and or refrigerate fruit immediately
  after harvest.
• Renovation
• Remove old leaves and diseased plant parts after
  harvest.

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Common diseases on leaves

• Leaf spot

Leaf scorch
Leaf blight
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Management of strawberry leaf diseases

• Use disease free planting stock
• Use resistant varieties
• Proper site selection
• Choose a site with good air circulation and sun
  exposure (promotes faster drying).
• Weed control
• Weeds decrease air circulation.
• Controlling weeds reduces drying time of the
  plants.
• Remove old foliage just after harvest
  (renovation)
• helps to reduce pathogen populations.

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Common Diseases Attacking Roots

• Verticillium wilt

Red stele
Black root rot
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Red stele
healthy
diseased
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Management of root diseases

• Use healthy planting stock
• Use resistant varieties
• Proper site selection
• Plant in well-drained soil
• Select a site that does not have a previous
  history of problems with any of the root
  diseases.
• Rotation
• Do not replant strawberries where disease has
  been a problem for at least 2 years.
• Control weeds

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Using Fungicides For Strawberry Disease Control

• Fungicides can be important in commercial
  strawberry plantings however, fungicides are
  generally not recommended for backyard
  strawberry production.
• Effective fungicides registered for use on
  strawberry are usually very difficult or
  impossible for backyard growers to obtain.
• If not used properly, they are generally not
  effective.

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Emphasis for disease control in backyard
strawberry plantings should be placed on

• Use of the various cultural practices for disease
  control mentioned previously.
• Use of disease resistant varieties.

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• The most effective method for controlling most
  strawberry diseases is the use of varieties with
  good disease resistance.

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Several strawberry varieties have resistance to
many of the common strawberry diseases. The
following are some common varieties with multiple
disease resistance.
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• How long a minute is depends on what side of the
  bathroom door you are on.

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• Post Spacing 21 ft 24 ft 28 ft
• Vines Between Post
• 6 ft - 4
  -
• 7 ft 3 -
  4
• 8 ft - 3
  -
• Vine vigor determines vine spacing in the row,
  and thereby
• affects post spacing. Do not exceed 30 ft between
  post.
• Equipment size, degree of side slope training
  system
• often determines the spacing between rows.
• Vine
• Spacing

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Geneva Double Curtain System Suitable for high
vigor vines. Minimum row width for this system
should be 10 feet.
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Styles of trellis
Double Curtain
Single curtain
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High Cordon System (Single Curtain, Bi-lateral
Cordon) Suited for American and many
French-American hybrid cultivars with a trailing
/ drooping growth habit
Single curtain
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6-Cane Kniffen System with wires at 2.5, 4 and 6
feet Suitable for low vigor cultivars
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Umbrella Kniffen System Suited for American
cultivars requiring pruning to long canes.
Requires extra labor to tie canes to lower wires
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Grape Management
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Grape Management

• May be of American, European, or French hybrid
  types.
• Plant grapevines in spring.
• Site Selection for grapes is KEY.
• Takes 3 years to establish planting.
• Place 8 feet apart on trellis, 4 on arbor.
• Many different methods of training grapes on
  trellis.

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Grape Management

• Annual pruning in dormant season a must.---refer
  to Bulletin 815.
• Purchase stock from nurseries or commercial
  propagators.
• Commercially grown in 9 foot rows with 8 feet
  between plants.

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Grape Insects Diseases

• Growers may encounter problems with black
  rot, downy mildew, powdery mildew, phomopsis cane
  and leaf spot, and botrytis bunch rot.
• Bugs such as grape berry moth, Japanese
  beetle, grape flea beetle, European red mite,
  grape phylloxera, and grape root borer.
• New grape pestyes, the Asian Lady Beetle!

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Grape Insect Pests
Grape Berry Moth
Grape Flea Beetle
Japanese Beetle
Grape root borer
Phylloxera
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Grape Insect Pests
Grape Berry Moth
Grape Flea Beetle
Japanese Beetle
Grape root borer
Phylloxera
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Black rot
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Downy mildew
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Powdery mildew
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Phomopsis cane and leaf spot
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Botrytis bunch rot
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Management of leaf and fruit rot diseases of
grape(Black rot, Downy mildew, Powdery mildew,
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot, Bortytis bunch rot)

• Free water (wet conditions) is required for most
  fungal pathogens (except Powdery mildew) to
  infect plants. Any practice that promotes faster
  drying of fruit and foliage is beneficial for
  disease control.
• Many cultural disease control methods are aimed
  at promoting faster drying of plant parts.

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Management of leaf and fruit rot diseases of
grape

• Site selection
• Plants grapes in sunny, open areas that allow
  good air movement.
• Do not plant in shaded areas
• Maintain good weed control beneath vines
• weeds can reduce air movement and result in
  slower drying time.
• Proper pruning practices,
• opens the canopy for increased sunlight
  penetration
• creates good air circulation for faster drying.
• Sanitation
• Destroy fruit mummies and remove all diseased
  plant parts during dormant pruning, or early in
  the spring before bud break.

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Management of leaf and fruit rot diseases of grape

• Use of disease resistance varieties
• Unfortunately, the grape varieties that are
  commonly grown in the midwest do not have good
  resistance to most diseases. Disease management
  for grapes depends mostly on the cultural
  practices previously mentioned, and the use of
  fungicides (chemical control) if necessary.

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Using Fungicides For Grape Disease Control

• Fungicides are very important for disease control
  in commercial grape production, and can be useful
  in backyard grape vineyards however, the
  emphasis for disease control in backyard
  vineyards should be placed on the use of the
  various cultural practices previously mentioned.
• Effective fungicides are usually difficult or
  impossible for backyard growers to obtain.
• If not used properly, they are generally not
  effective.

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Using Fungicides For Grape Disease Control

• If diseases such as black rot or downy mildew
  become established in the vineyard, fungicides
  may be required in order to clean up the
  planting.
• There are a few fungicides available for
  homeowners that should be useful in backyard
  vineyards.

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• For backyard growers that do wish to use
  fungicides in the disease management program,
  fungicide recommendations are available for
  grapes in Bulletin 780 Controlling Disease and
  insects In Home Fruit Planting.

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Raspberry and Blackberry Plantings
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Raspberry Management

• Classified by fruit color and/or fruiting habit.
  Red, black, purple, yellow.
• Black Raspberry is the most popular.
• Red is first to ripen followed by black, purple,
  and yellow cultivars.
• Reds are hardier.
• Can be summer bearing or everbearing.
• See factsheet 1421 and Bulletin 782.

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Raspberry Management

• Like sandy loam soils with high O.M.
• Need open site with 6-8 hours of sun.
• Avoid planting within 300 feet of any wild
  blackberry or blackberries and where tomatoes,
  potatoes or eggplants have grown.
• Plant in spring.

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Raspberry Management

• Primocane-are first year canes.
• Floricanes2nd year fruiting canes.
• Prune summer reds twice a year-in spring and
  after harvest.
• Can prune everbearing to fruit once or twice a
  year.

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Pruning
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Raspberry Management

• Prune black and purple 3 times a year.
• Cut laterals back to 8-10 in March, tip or head
  new canes when canes reach 24 (take top 3 inches
  of new shoots), then remove canes that produced
  fruits after harvest

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Bramble Insects Diseases

• Growers may encounter problems with mosaic
  virus, orange rust, anthracnose, cane blight,
  spur blight, crown or cane gall and verticillium
  wilt.
• Bugs such as raspberry cane borer, raspberry
  fruitworm, red-necked cane borer, and Japanese
  Beetle.

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Insect Pests of Brambles
Japanese Beetle
Picnic Beetle
Raspberry Fruitworm
Raspberry Crown Borer
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Insect Pests of Brambles
Raspberry Fruitworm
Snowy Tree Cricket
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Common Diseases on Fruit

• Gray mold (Botrytis fruit rot)

• Symptoms
• One to several blossoms in a cluster may show
  blasting (browning and drying).
• Berries eventually become covered by a grayish,
  dusty, or powdery growth of the fungus.

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Gray mold

• Disease Development
• Caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea
• Most infections occur during bloom however,
  symptoms are usually not observed until harvest.
• Temperatures between 70 and 80 F and free
  moisture (water) on the foliage from rain, dew,
  fog, or irrigation are ideal conditions for
  disease development.
• The disease is generally most severe in the
  interior areas of the plant canopy where humidity
  is higher and air movement is poor.

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Management of gray mold

• Free water (wet conditions) is required for most
  fungal pathogens to infect fruit. Any practice
  that promotes faster drying of fruit and foliage
  is beneficial for disease control.
• Site selection
• Select a site with good air movement and sun
  exposure (promote faster drying).
• Canopy management
• Prune to keep row width between 1 or 2 feet in
  order to encourage air movement and faster
  drying.
• Control timing and amount of nitrogen fertilizer
  to prevent excessive growth.

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Management of fruit rot diseases

• Irrigation
• If you use overhead irrigation irrigate early in
  the day, so that plants can dry faster.
• Handling
• Harvest mature fruit promptly to avoid letting
  berries become overripe
• Pick fruit carefully, avoid bruising
• Process and or refrigerate fruit immediately
  after harvest

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Common cane diseases on brambles

• Anthracnose

Cane blight
Spur blight
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Symptoms of cane diseases
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Management of brambles cane diseases

• Use disease free planting stock
• Proper site selection
• Choose a site with good air circulation and sun
  exposure (promotes faster drying).
• Pruning (sanitation)
• Prune out all canes showing disease symptoms to
  reduce pathogen population
• Remove infected canes from the planting
• Canopy Management
• Avoid over fertilization, especially with
  nitrogen
• Prune to keep row width between 1 to 2 feet to
  encourage rapid drying.

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Common Diseases Attacking Roots

• Verticillium wilt

Phytophthora root rot
122
Verticillium wilt

• Symptoms
• Starting at the base of the cane and processing
  upward, leaves wilt, turn yellow, and drop.
• Black raspberry and blackberry canes may exhibit
  a blue color or purple streaking from the soil
  line extending up infected canes to varying
  heights.

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Verticillium wilt

• Disease Development
• Caused by the soil-borne fungus,
  Verticillium albo-atrum
• The fungus can survive in soil for many years.
• The fungus infects roots and plugs
  water-conducting tissues (xylem). This prevents
  the movement of water from the roots to the rest
  of the plant thus, the plant eventually wilts,
  and dies.
• Disease is favored by wet and poorly drained
  soils.

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Phytophthora root rot

• Symptoms
• Healthy canes may suddenly decline and collapse.
• Leaves may initially take on a yellow, red, or
  orange color or may begin scorching along the
  edges.
• Affected canes eventually wilt and die.
• On the below-ground portion of the crown or large
  roots, a distinct line can generally be seen
  between healthy and infected tissues after
  scraping away the outer bark. Infected tissues
  are brown to brownish-red.

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Phytophthora root rot

• Disease development
• caused by Phytophthora spp.
• favored by high soil moisture (saturated soil)
  and cool temperatures.
• infection can occur throughout the growing season
  if soil moisture conditions are favorable.
• most destructive in heavy clay soils that are
  saturated with water during cool weather.

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Management of root diseases

• Use healthy planting stock
• Proper site selection
• Plant in well-drained soil
• Select a site that does not have a previous
  history of problems with any of the root
  diseases.
• Sanitation
• Dig up diseased plants, including roots, and
  remove them from the planting.

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Management of root diseases

• Rotation
• Do not replant brambles where disease has been a
  problem for at least 2 years.
• Improve soil drainage
• Any practice that improves soil drainage is
  beneficial to control.
• Plant on raised beds
• Tile planting areas.

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Management of root diseases

• Use resistant varieties for Phytophthora root rot
  
• Phytophthora root rot is most destructive on red
  raspberries. Black raspberries are not immune but
  appear to be much more resistant than red
  raspberries. The disease is rare on blackberries.
  Although no red raspberry varieties are
  completely resistant, varieties vary greatly in
  their susceptibility. Choose red raspberry
  varieties with higher levels of resistance.

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Diseases caused by rust fungi

• Orange rust

Late leaf rust
130
Leaf late rust
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Management of rust diseases

• Use healthy planting stock
• Site selection
• Select a site with good air movement and sun
  exposure (promote faster drying).
• Canopy control
• Prune to keep row width between 1 or 2 feet in
  order to encourage air movement and faster
  drying.
• Control timing and amount of nitrogen fertilizer
  to prevent excessive growth.
• Sanitation
• Remove and destroy infected plants including the
  roots (important for orange rust).
• Destroy nearby wild brambles that serve as a
  reservoir for disease.

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Management of rust diseases

• Disease resistance
• Orange rust
• Red raspberries are immune (completely resistant)
  
• There are no resistant black raspberry varieties.
• Late leaf rust
• Black raspberries and blackberries are immune.
• No red raspberries varieties are resistant.

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Using Fungicides For Brambles Disease Control

• Fungicides can be important for disease control
  in commercial plantings however, fungicides are
  generally not recommended for use in backyard
  bramble plantings.
• Effective fungicides are usually difficult or
  impossible for backyard growers to obtain.
• If not used properly, they are generally not
  effective.

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Emphasis for disease control in backyard
plantings should be placed on

• Use of the various cultural practices for disease
  control mentioned previously.
• Use of disease resistant varieties when possible.

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Selected literature for backyard fruit production
and plant health management

• Bulletin 436. Ohio Strawberry Manual 5.00 plus
  tax.
• Bulletin 591. Growing and Using Fruit at Home
  3.25 plus tax.
• Bulletin 780. Controlling Diseases and Insects
  in Home Fruit Planting 3.50 plus tax.
• Bulletin 782. Brambles Production Management and
  Marketing. 6.50 plus tax.
• Bulletin 815. Grapes Production, Management and
  Marketing 7.75 plus tax.
• Bulletin 861. Midwest Small Fruit Pest
  Management Handbook

137

• To get more information about plant diseases
  visit the websites below.
• http//www.ag.ohio-state.edu/plantdoc/extension.p
  hp
• http//www.ohioline.ag.ohio-state.edu

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Wisdom from Will Rogers

• Never miss a good chance to shut up.

139

• Disease Information Provided and Prepared by
• Mike Ellis Professor and
  Extension Specialist
  and
  Omer Erincik
  Graduate Research Assistant
• Department of Plant Pathology
  
  The Ohio State University
  OARDC/OSUE
  Wooster, OH, 44691