STANDARD I: The student will understand concepts dealing with the nature of science'

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STANDARD I The student will understand concepts
dealing with the nature of science.

• OBJECTIVE
• 1. Analyze the methods of science used to
  identify and solve problems.
• ELIGIBLE CONTENT
• Use process skills to interpret data from
  graphs, tables, and charts.
• Identify and distinguish between controls and
  variables in a scientific investigation.
• Identify safe laboratory procedures when
  handling chemicals, using Bunsen burners, and
  using laboratory glassware.
• Identify and use appropriate Systeme
  International (SI) units for measuring
  dimensions, volume, and mass.
• Define and identify examples of hypotheses.
• Order the proper sequence of steps within the
  scientific process.
• Select appropriate laboratory glassware,
  balances, time measuring equipment, and optical
• instruments to conduct an investigation.

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Scientific Method--Steps

• Ask a Question
• Do Background Research
• Construct a Hypothesis
• Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
• Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
• Communicate Your Results

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Links

• Scientific Method Rap
• Experimental Design Explained

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Hypothesis

• After having thoroughly researched your question,
  you should have some educated guess about how
  things work. This educated guess about the answer
  to your question is called the hypothesis.
• The hypothesis must be worded so that it can be
  tested in your experiment. Do this by expressing
  the hypothesis using your independent variable
  (the variable you change during your experiment)
  and your dependent variable (the variable you
  observe-changes in the dependent variable depend
  on changes in the independent variable). In fact,
  many hypotheses are stated exactly like this "If
  a particular independent variable is changed,
  then there is also a change in a certain
  dependent variable."

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Variables and Controls

• Independent VariableOnly one per experiment.
  The thing that is changed/manipulated during an
  experiment.
• Dependent VariableThe quantity that is
  observed/measured during the experiment.
• Controlled Variablesquantities that are kept the
  same throughout the experiment.

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Graphing Your Data

• Plot the independent variable on the X axis and
  the dependent variable on the Y axis.
• Look for patterns.
• Analyze the slope of the line.
• How is the slope calculated?
• What does the slope represent?

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Metric Measurements and SI Units

• Massthe amount of matter an object is composed
  of. The basic unit of mass is the kilogram. 1
  kg2.2 lbs1000 grams. Mass is usually measured
  with a balance.
• LengthThe basic SI unit of length is the meter.
  Length is measured with a ruler.
• Volume--the amount of 3-dimensional space
  occupied by an object. In the SI system volume
  can be measured in cubic meters cubic
  centimeters Liters or milliliters. In the
  English system, volume is measure in cubic feet
  cubic inches pints quarts gallons etc...
  Volume can be measured with a graduated cylinder,
  a pipet, etc...
• The volume of an object can be determined by
  using water displacement. A graduated cylinder
  and a balance are used to carry out this process.
• Area--Area is a quantity expressing the
  two-dimensional size of a defined part of a
  surface. In the SI system, area is measured in
  square meters square centimeters, etc...
• TimeThe basic unit of time in the SI system is
  the second.
• Temperaturethe basic unit of temperature in the
  SI system is the Kelvin degree. The Celsius
  degree is more commonly used.

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Converting Units

• Kilo1000
• Hecto100
• Deka10
• Base UnitMeter Gram Liter
• Deci1/10
• Centi1/100
• Milli1/1000

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Biology AHSGEStandard I

• Select appropriate laboratory glassware,
  balances, time measuring equipment, and optical
  instruments
• to conduct an experiment.
• ELIGIBLE CONTENT
• Select appropriate glassware for conducting
  experiments including a graduated cylinder, a
  beaker, a flask, a test tube, a microscope slide,
  a pipette, and a Petri dish.
• Select appropriate measuring equipment for
  conducting experiments including a balance and a
  stopwatch.
• Select appropriate optical instruments for
  conducting experiments including a compound
  microscope,
• an electron microscope, and a magnifying glass.

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Beakers

• A beaker is a simple container for stirring,
  mixing and heating liquids commonly used in many
  laboratories. Beakers are generally cylindrical
  in shape, with a flat bottom. Beakers are
  available in a wide range of sizes, from one
  milliliter up to several liters. Beakers are not
  used to make reliable volume measurements.

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Flasks

• Flasks come in a number of shapes and a wide
  range of sizes, but a common distinguishing
  aspect in their shapes is a wider vessel "body"
  and one (or sometimes more) narrower tubular
  sections at the top called necks which have an
  opening at the top. Laboratory flask sizes are
  specified by the volume they can hold, typically
  in metric units such as milliliters (mL or ml) or
  liters (L or l). Laboratory flasks have
  traditionally been made of glass, but can also be
  made of plastic. Flasks are not used to make
  accurate volume measurements.

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Graduated Cylinder

• A graduated cylinder (also called measuring
  cylinder or graduated glass) is a piece of
  laboratory glassware or plasticware used to
  accurately measure out volumes of chemicals for
  use in reactions. They are generally more
  accurate and precise for this purpose than
  flasks.

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Pipet

• A pipette (also called a pipet, pipettor or
  chemical dropper) is a laboratory instrument used
  to transport or measure a small volume of liquid.

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Petri Dish

• Petri dish is a shallow glass or plastic
  cylindrical lidded dish that biologists use to
  culture cells. The dishes often contain a food
  source called agar and are used to grow bacteria.

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Petri Dish
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Microscope Slide

• a thin sheet of glass used to hold objects for
  examination under a microscope. A standard
  microscope slide (shown on the right) is 75 x 25
  mm (3" X 1") and about 1.0 mm thick. A range of
  other sizes is available for various special
  purposes 75 x 50 mm and for geological use 46 x
  27 mm (petrographic) and even 48 x 28 mm (thin
  sections)
• Since high power microscopes have a very narrow
  region within which they focus, the object to be
  viewed ("specimen") is typically placed on the
  middle of the slide with another, much thinner
  square (or circle or rectangle) of glass placed
  over the specimen. This smaller sheet of glass is
  called a cover slip or cover glass,

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Making a Wet Mount
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Test Tube

• A test tube is a clear, cylindrical glass tube
  usually open at one end and rounded at the other,
  used in laboratory experimentation.Test tubes are
  generally used for combining or collecting
  chemicals. They are used in a vast range of
  experiments. They are used to hold materials
  not measure them.

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BalanceUsed to Measure Mass
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Light Microscopes

• Magnifying GlassThe most basic light microscope.
  Sometimes called a simple microscope because it
  is composed of only 1 lens. It magnifies objects
  between 2 and 10 times.
• Compound Light MicroscopeUses 2 or more lenses
  to magnify an object. Usually used in
  conjunction with a glass slide. To calculate the
  total magnification of the microscope multiply
  the magnification of the eyepiece lens (usually
  10) by the magnification of the objective lens in
  use.
• The highest magnification possible is
  approximately 1000 X.

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Simple MicroscopeMagnifying Glass
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Compound Light Microscope
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Electron Microscopes

• Use a beam of electrons to magnify objects. Can
  magnify objects up to 500,000X. Can be used to
  study the parts of a cell and even the positions
  of individual atoms. Cannot be used to view live
  organisms.
• Transmission Electron Microscopesused to study
  thinly sliced specimens.
• Scanning Electron MicroscopesUsed to study the
  surfaces of objects. Can produce a 3-D image.

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Transmission Electron Microscope
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Scanning Electron Microscope
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