AP American History

1
AP American History

• Review For AP Examination
• Part Four

2
Thomas Edison

• Inventor of the microphone, phonograph and
  incandescent light bulb
• Patented over 1,200 inventions

3
George Westinghouse

• Westinghouse discovered how to use alternating
  current and transformers to transmit electricity
  over long distances. Westinghouse also devised an
  air break for Railroad cars.

4
Corporations

• Corporations gained more power due to Supreme
  Court rulings in the 1880s and 1890s that gave
  them the same 14th Amendment protections as
  individuals.

5
Pools

• Pools were Gentlemens Agreements between
  companies that set limits on production and
  agreed to the sharing of profits

6
Trusts

• Originated by Rockefeller, trusts relied on the
  principle that one company could control another
  by forcing it to yield control of its stock to
  the bigger companys board of trustees.

7
horizontal integration

• Horizontal Integration occurs when a business
  expands its control over other similar or closely
  related businesses. For example, an oil refining
  business would be horizontally integrated if it
  owned or controlled other oil refineries.

8
John D. Rockefeller

• In 1870, Rockefeller established the Standard Oil
  Company.

9
Standard Oil

• Beginning in the 1870s, the Standard Oil Company
  employed a number of cutthroat business
  practices, including Monopolization, Rate Wars
  and Rebates to form the Standard Oil Trust, which
  was the first of the great corporate trusts.

10
Holding Companies

• In 1888 New Jersey allowed corporations to own
  property in other states and own stock in other
  corporations. This led to the holding company,
  which owned interest in other companies and could
  help merge them together.

11
vertical integration

• Vertical Integration occurs when a business
  expands its control over other businesses that
  are part of its overall manufacturing process.
  For example, an oil refining business would be
  vertically integrated if it owned or controlled
  oil drilling, pipeline companies, railroads,
  barrel manufacturers, etc.

12
Andrew Carnegie

• In 1873, Carnegie formed the Carnegie Steel
  Company.
• In 1901, J.P. Morgan offered to buy all of
  Carnegies steel holdings for the price of 250
  million. Carnegie acceptance made him the worlds
  richest man.
• He spent the last two decades of his life giving
  away the great bulk of his fortune.

13
Gustavus Swift

• Swift helped to developed the refrigerator
  railcar. This technological breakthrough made
  Chicago the center of American beef industry.
• Swift created America's first vertically
  integrated company. In meatpacking, that meant
  controlling everything from the purchase of
  western steers to delivery of beef to the local
  butchers.

14
US Steel Corporation

• This giant vertical steel organization owned by
  J. P. Morgan formed when he purchased Carnegie
  Steel for 480 million in order to get rid of its
  only competitor.

15
J.P. Morgan

• Owner of banks, railroads and the United States
  Steel Corporation.
• During the Panic of 1893, J.P. Morgan helped
  President Cleveland to restock the nations gold
  reserves and thus save the nation from bankruptcy
  by resorting public confidence in the government.

16
Haymarket Square Riot

• On May Day 1886, the workers at the McCormick
  Harvesting Machine Co. in Chicago began a strike
  demanding a shorter work day.
• The following day, May 4, a large rally at the
  Haymarket Square was planned by anarchist leaders
  to protest alleged police brutality. When police
  intervened to disperse the crowd, a pipe bomb was
  thrown at the police killing seven policemen and
  injured more than 60 others.

17
Anarchism

• A belief that governmental regulation is both
  unnecessary and harmful to society. Human beings
  are by nature good, but are corrupted by
  government. Government, must be destroyed to
  allow the natural development of voluntary
  associations among individuals and groups.

18
Henry Frick

• A partner of Andrew Carnegie and plant manager at
  the Homestead Steel Works.
• When Henry C. Frick announced wage cuts of nearly
  20 percent the Steel Workers Union refused the
  reductions and Frick closed the Homestead plant.
• He brought in 300 Pinkerton agents as
  strikebreakers.

19
Pullman Strike

• When the Pullman Company refused to negotiate,
  workers for the American Railway Union called a
  nationwide strike. The Union led by Eugene V.
  Debs refused to handle Pullman cars and finally
  a court injunction was used to stop the strike.

20
Eugene Debs

• He founded the Socialist Party of America. Debs
  was the Socialist presidential nominee in 1900,
  1904, 1908, 1912 and 1920, the last time
  receiving nearly one million votes, while serving
  a 10 year prison sentence for violating the
  Espionage Act of 1917

21
Knights of Labor

• In 1869, the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights
  of Labor believed that previous unions had failed
  by limiting membership.
• The Knights proposed to organize both skilled and
  unskilled workers in the same union and opened
  their doors to blacks and women.

22
Terence V. Powderly

• In 1879 he succeeded Uriah Stephens as the leader
  of the Knights of Labor. During the next dozen
  years, the Knights achieved their greatest
  influence and numerical strength.
• In the end, the Knights rapidly expanding
  membership rolls fractured the leadership and
  many of the local leaders pursued their own
  radical courses. In 1893, Powderly resigned from
  the union because of internal quarreling.

23
American Federation of Labor

• Successful labor union that concentrated on
  organizing skilled workers.
• It was a traditionally conservative labor
  organization that stayed away from political
  activities.

24
Samuel Gompers

• Founder and first President of the American
  Federation of Labor
• Largely responsible for the its success.

25
Industrial Workers of the World IWW, Wobblies

• The Industrial Workers of the World was
  established by members of the American Federation
  of Labor who criticized the union for refusing to
  admit unskilled workers.
• The World War I era witnessed widespread public
  disapproval of the Wobblies. Many in the
  organization evaded the draft and others were
  charged with taking money from German agents for
  staging strikes in sensitive industries.

26
Social Darwinism

• Social Darwinism was the application of Charles
  Darwin's scientific theories of evolution and
  natural selection to contemporary social
  development. In nature, only the fittest
  survivedso too in the marketplace. This form of
  justification was enthusiastically adopted by
  many American businessmen as scientific proof of
  their superiority.

27
Homestead Strike

• Homestead Steel Works was an important segment of
  Andrew Carnegie's empire. Plant manager Henry C.
  Frick announced wage cuts of nearly 20 percent.
  The union refused the reductions and Frick closed
  the plant.
• The displaced workers opened fire on a barge
  loaded with 300 Pinkerton agents who were being
  brought in as strikebreakers. A battle raged for
  several hours.
• The Homestead strike was a total defeat for the
  workers and unionism as a whole.

28
Gospel of Wealth

• Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), one of the great
  financial giants of his era, published an essay
  titled The Gospel of Wealth in 1889, in which he
  argued that the accumulation of wealth was
  beneficial to society and the government should
  take no action to impede it. Carnegie believed
  the rich were trustees of their money and should
  use their wealth for worthy charities.

29
Edward Bellamy Looking Backward

• A socialist author in the late 1800s who wrote
  about a utopian world that would appear by the
  year 2000.

30
Sherman Anti-Trust Act,

• This law was intended to prevent the formation of
  trusts or monopolies, but it was written with
  very vague language. Ironically this act was used
  against striking workers more than it was against
  trusts.

31
Granger Laws

• During the height of the 1870s depression, the
  Illinois legislature responded to the pleas of
  farmers by enacting a law that established a
  maximum charge that could be imposed by grain
  storage facility operators and by the railroads.

32
Munn v. IL (1877)

• The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws,
  establishing the constitutional principle of
  public regulation of private businesses that are
  involved in serving the public interest.

33
Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific RR Co. v. IL (1886)

• Reversed the 1877 Munn decision by establishing
  that only the federal government could regulate
  interstate commerce.

34
Gilded Age (1877 1900)

• Mark Twain wrote of the Gilded Age, at a time of
  enormous wealth accumulated by a few.
• Clearly the dominant figures of Gilded Age were
  John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie and J.
  Pierpont Morgan.

35
Stalwarts

• The conservative faction of the Republican
  Party, saw themselves as "stalwart" in opposition
  to Hayes' efforts to reconcile with the South.
  They also opposed all forms of civil service
  reform, preferring to keep in place the existing
  patronage (Spoils) system.

36
Half-Breeds

• The Half-Breeds, a term of disparagement used by
  the Stalwarts, was applied to the moderate
  faction of the Republican Party. They backed
  Hayes' lenient treatment of the South and
  supported moderate civil service reform.

37
Mugwumps

• Reformers who left the Republican Party during
  the campaign of 1884, because they could not
  support James G. Blaine for president.
• Also know as Independent Republicans
• They helped to elect Democrat Grover Cleveland in
  1884.

38
Civil Service Reform

• A change in the spoils system that would rely on
  merit rather than party affiliation as a means to
  hire federal civil servants.

39
Pendleton Civil Service Act

• Created a Civil Service Commission, a
  nonpartisan board to create and administer
  competitive examinations for applicants to some
  federal jobs
• Ended the practice of assessing federal workers a
  portion of their salary for the benefit of the
  political party that appointed them.

40
Interstate Commerce Act

• In 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce
  Act which created the Interstate Commerce
  Commission, the first true federal regulatory
  agency. It was to address the issues of railroad
  abuse and discrimination
• Shipping rates had to be "reasonable and just"
• Rates had to be published
• Secret rebates were outlawed
• Price discrimination against small markets was
  made illegal.

41
Crime of 73

• In 1873, Congress voted to tie the nation's
  monetary system firmly to the gold standard. This
  measure was labeled the "Crime of '73" by western
  mining interests and debtors who wanted more
  silver in circulation.

42
Specie Resumption Act

• The United States government had issued 450
  million in greenbacks during the Civil War. These
  paper notes were not backed by specie (gold or
  silver) and maintained value only through trust
  in the U.S. government.
• The Resumption Act provided
• that the U.S. Treasury be prepared to resume the
  redemption of legal tender notes in specie (gold)
  as of January 1, 1879

43
Bland-Allison Act

• The U.S. Treasury was instructed to purchase
  between 2 million and 4 million worth of silver
  each month from the western mines
• The silver was to be purchased at market rates,
  not at a predetermined ratio pegged to the value
  of gold
• The metal was to be minted into silver dollars as
  legal tender.

44
Sherman Silver Purchase Act

• The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was part of a
  broader compromise. The Democrats gave their
  support to the highly protective McKinley Tariff
  in return for Republican votes for silver.
• The measure provided for the following
• The Treasury would purchase 4.5 million ounces
  of silver each month at market rates
• The Treasury would issue notes redeemable in
  either gold or silver.

45
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

• The "separate but equal" standard was established
  by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson
  (1896).

46
Jim Crow laws

• The term "Jim Crow" originally referred to a
  black character in an old song, and was the name
  of a popular dance in the 1820s.
• Jim Crow codes in various states required the
  segregation of races in such common areas as
  restaurants and theaters.

47
Grange Organizations - Grange Movement

• Oliver Hudson Kelley formed the National Grange
  of the Patrons of Husbandry, a fraternal
  organization complete with its own secret
  rituals. In its early years, the Grange was
  devoted to educational events and social
  gatherings.

48
Granger Laws

• "Granger laws" were designed to give legislative
  assistance to the farmers. Those laws received an
  initial blessing from the Supreme Court in Munn
  v. Illinois (1876), but a later counteroffensive
  by the railroads brought the Wabash case (1886),
  which wiped out those gains.

49
Farmers Alliances

• During the 1870s, farmers in the West and South
  were afflicted by falling prices, mounting debt
  and climbing interest rates. A response to these
  conditions was found in 1877 with the creation of
  the Southern Farmers Alliance (formally the
  national Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union).
  

50
Populist Party

• Rural discontent had brewed in the United States
  since the sharp decline of farm prices in the
  1870s. Popular opinion tended to place the blame
  for the depressed economy on Eastern financial
  interests. The Greenback Party and farmers'
  alliances merged together to form the Populist
  Party.

51
Greenback Party

• Between 1862 and 1865, the Union government
  issued 450 million in greenbacks, paper notes
  not backed by gold.
• Greenback Party fought for a continuation of
  Cheap Money.

52
Omaha Platform

• Populist Party Platform, which called for
  government ownership of utilities and railroads,
  expansion of the currency, an income tax, direct
  election of Senators, term limits for the
  president and a shorter workday.

53
Coxeys Army

• Coxey, who advocated public works projects and
  low-interest government loans, led a huge number
  of farmers/unemployed people on a march to the
  capital. On the day of the demonstration police
  stopped the protestors and arrested Coxey.

54
William McKinley

• McKinleys first term as president saw a further
  increase in the protective tariff and the passage
  of the Gold Standard Act (1900), but most of his
  attention was directed toward Cuba and Spain, and
  later the Philippines. John Hay served as
  secretary of state and established an open door
  policy toward China. Elected to a second term in
  1900, McKinley was shot and killed by an
  anarchist in 1901.

55
Marcus Hanna

• Hannas best-known political contribution came in
  1896 when he engineered McKinleys presidential
  nomination and election. The threat of William
  Jennings Bryans perceived radicalism enabled
  Hanna to raise huge sums of cash from frightened
  businessmen.

56
William Jennings Byran

• Populist leader of both the Democratic Party and
  the Populist Party, who ran unsuccessfully for
  president numerous times as a candidate of both
  the Democratic and Populist Party.

57
Progressives

• Reform movement during the early 1900s that
  supported reforms in business and government
  practices.

58
Muckrakers

• Progressive writers who wrote articles and books
  that encouraged reform of government and business
  practices.
• President Teddy Roosevelt used this name to refer
  to this group of reform minded writers.

59
Lincoln Steffen

• Muckraking author of The Shame of the Cities
  (1904)

60
Upton Sinclair

• Muckraker author of The Jungle (1906)

61
Ida Tarbell

• Muckraker author of the History of Standard Oil

62
Initiative

• A Progressive Era reform measure that allows
  citizens of a state to propose new laws or
  changes in a state constitution that would be
  later voted on by the citizens of that state.

63
referendum

• A Progressive Era reform measure that allowed the
  voters of a state to ratify new laws or changes
  in their state constitution.

64
recall

• A Progressive Era reform measure that allowed the
  voters of a state to remove an elected state
  office holder before the end of a term

65
Robert Battling Bob La Follette

• Governor and later a Senator from Wisconsin who
  was a leader of the Progressive movement and the
  Progressive Party.

66
Seventeenth Amendment

• Direct election of United States Senators by a
  popular vote rather than appointment by state
  legislatures

67
Anti-Saloon League

• Organization opposed to the sale of Alcoholic
  beverages

68
Eighteenth Amendment

• Prohibition on the manufacture, sale and
  transportation of intoxicating liquors

69
Nineteenth Amendment

• Women guaranteed the right to vote

70
Social Gospel

• Underlying all Progressive actions was the idea
  that people have an obligation to help improve
  society.

71
Booker T. Washington

• He organized and led the Normal and Industrial
  Institute for Negroes at Tuskegee, Alabama.
• In a speech before a white and black audience at
  the Atlanta Exposition, he proposed compromise by
  both races as a way to improve race relations.

72
Atlanta Exposition Speech

• In a speech before a white and black audience
  Booker T. Washington proposed that whites and
  blacks work together.
• He called on whites to help educate blacks to
  ensure a more productive workforce.
• He called on blacks to improve themselves through
  working hard at any available job.

73
W.E.B. DuBois

• He was an opponent of Booker T. Washingtons more
  conservative policy of cooperation between the
  races.
• He founded the Niagara Movement (1905) and the
  National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People (NAACP) and its magazine the
  Crisis.

74
Niagara Movement

• This organization founded by black leaders like
  W.E.B. DuBois attacked segregation, black
  disfranchisement and Jim Crow Laws.
• It was later replaced by the National Association
  for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

75
Margaret Sanger

• She was an early proponent of sex education and
  family planning.
• In 1921 she founded the American Birth Control
  League (later renamed Planned Parenthood
  Federation of America).

76
Theodore Roosevelt

• Organized the Rough Riders during the
  Spanish-American War
• Became president after the assassination of
  William McKinley
• Used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act tobust up
  trusts (known as the Trustbuster)
• Gained a U.S. lease to build the Panama Canal
• Progressive Party presidential candidate in 1912

77
Northern Securities (1904) case

• The Supreme Court upheld the Sherman Anti-Trust
  Act in 1904 by upholding the break-up of the
  Northern Securities Company, which was a trust
  formed by the merger of two major railroads.

78
Meat Inspection Act (1906)

• After the public outcry caused by The Jungle,
  this law was passed to enforce sanitation
  regulations at meatpacking factories.

79
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

• After the public outcry caused by The Jungle,
  this law prohibited interstate shipment of any
  unsanitary, mislabeled or adulterated foods or
  drugs.

80
William Howard Taft

• President Taft's domestic policy featured active
  trust-busting and strengthening the Interstate
  Commerce Commission.
• His foreign policy of Dollar Diplomacy" in
  dealings in Latin America provoked mistrust.
• In 1912, Taft sought another term as president,
  however, he was challenged by Roosevelt who had
  been offended by the prosecution of "good
  trusts," and the slackening of trust-busting
  against "bad trusts."

81
Dollar Diplomacy

• Originally the term was applied to Taft
  administration (1909-13) policy when a
  well-intentioned President wanted to "substitute
  dollars for bullets" in financially irresponsible
  Latin American nations. As time passed, the
  debtor states remained chaotic and increasing
  U.S. pressure was applied, alienating Latin
  America.

82
Bull Moose Party

• A nickname for the Progressive Party, which got
  its name from candidate Theodore Roosevelt, who
  in his acceptance speech said that he felt as
  strong as a bull moose.

83
Woodrow Wilson

• In 1918 Wilson laid out his vision of a lasting
  peace in his Fourteen Points.
• After the armistice in November 1918, Wilson
  decided to head the American peace delegation
  personally, but was forced to accept compromises
  in order to have the League of Nations included
  in the Treaty of Versailles.
• He failed to get the U.S. Senate to approve the
  Treaty of Versailles.

84
T.R.s New Nationalism

• New domestic policy of Teddy Roosevelt, where the
  government coordinates and regulates the economy.
  Big business can stay, but the federal government
  protects the interest of the consumers through
  regulation of big business.

85
Wilsons New Freedom

• The domestic policy of the Woodrow Wilson
  administration to get rid of concentrated
  economic power altogether and make the
  marketplace open for competition.

86
laissez-faire

• An economic doctrine that opposes governmental
  regulation of or interference in commerce beyond
  the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise
  system

87
Federal Reserve Act

• Known as the Glass-Owen Act
• The purpose was to regulate the currency and
  credit operation of banks in the United States

88
American Imperialism

• A period of American territorial expansion
  outside the contiguous United States which began
  in the late 19th century.

89
Capt. Alfred T. Mahan

• Author of the book The Influence of Sea Power
  upon History, 1660-1783
• This book helped to stimulate a naval arms race
  by the English, Germans, Japanese and Americans.

90
McKinley Tariff of 1890

• This tariff which created a high barrier against
  the importation of Hawaiian sugar and helped lead
  to occupation of the Hawaiian Islands by American
  sugar planters who were supported by American
  troops.

91
Queen Liliuokalani

• Queen of the Hawaiian Islands who was opposed to
  American domination of the Hawaiian Islands.
• In 1893 she was overthrown by American sugar
  planters who were assisted by American troops.

92
Teller Amendment

• This amendment to the declaration of war against
  Spain proclaimed to the world that when the
  United States had overthrown Spanish rule in
  Cuba, it would give the Cubans their freedom.

93
Commodore George Dewey

• Commanded the American naval forces that attacked
  and defeated the Spanish naval forces guarding
  the Philippines during the Spanish American War.

94
Anti-Imperialist League

• Led by Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers and Andrew
  Carnegie, this organization opposed the
  annexation of the Philippines.
• They considered annexation to be a violation of
  the ideals expressed in the Declaration of
  Independence.

95
Emilio Aguinaldo

• Filipino nationalist who lead the Filipino armed
  resistance against American occupation of the
  Philippines after the Spanish-American War.

96
Open Door policy

• President McKinley stated his desire for the
  creation of an "open door" that would allow all
  trading nations access to the Chinese market. The
  following year, Secretary of State John Hay
  circulating diplomatic notes that called for the
  establishment of equal trading rights to all
  nations in all parts of China and for recognition
  of Chinese territorial integrity (meaning that
  China should not be carved up).

97
Sphere of Influence

• Sphere of influence, or zone of influence is a
  diplomatic term denoting an area in which a
  foreign power (or powers) maintains rights
  superior to those of a host nation.

98
Boxer Rebellion

• A clandestine martial arts society referred to by
  the English as the Boxers launched a series of
  attacks against foreigners and Chinese
  Christians. A hastily arranged multinational
  military force managed end the Boxer Rebellion.
• As a result of the rebellion, China was required
  to pay an immediate indemnity of 300 million to
  several foreign nations, including the United
  States.

99
Russo-Japanese War

• War between Japan and Russia that President
  Theodore Roosevelt helped to mediate a peace
  settlement.
• President Theodore Roosevelt earned the Nobel
  Peace Prize for his role in mediating a
  settlement to the Russo-Japanese War

100
Platt Amendment

• Platt Amendment gave the United States an
  oversight role in Cuba.
• U.S. consent was required for all Cuban treaties
  and trade agreements. More significantly, the
  United States was given "the right to intervene
  for the preservation of Cuban independence and to
  maintain a military base on the island of Cuba.

101
Roosevelt Corollary

• The Monroe Doctrine had originally been intended
  to keep European nations out of Latin America,
  but the Roosevelt Corollary was used as a
  justification for U.S. intervention in Latin
  America during the 20th Century.