Covalent Bonding

1
Covalent Bonding

• Metals bonds with Metals
• Non-metals bonds with Non-metals

2
Covalent bonds

• Some nonmetals hold onto their valence electrons.
• They cant give away electrons to bond.
• Still want full outer level
• Get it by sharing valence electrons with each
  other.
• By sharing both atoms get to count the electrons
  toward noble gas configuration.

3
Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons

4
Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons
• A 2nd fluorine atom also has seven

5
Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons
• A second atom also has seven
• By sharing electrons

6
Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons
• A second atom also has seven
• By sharing electrons

In covalent bonding we use Xs to show the
difference in the 2nd atom.
7
Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons
• A second atom also has seven
• By sharing electrons

8
Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons
• A second atom also has seven
• By sharing electrons

X
X
F
X
X
X
X
X
9
Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons
• A second atom also has seven
• By sharing electrons

10
Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons
• A second atom also has seven
• By sharing electrons
• Both end up with full energy level

11
Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons
• A second atom also has seven
• By sharing electrons
• Both end up with full energy level

F
12
Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons
• A second atom also has seven
• By sharing electrons
• Both end up with full energy level

F
F
8 Valence electrons
X
X
13
Single Covalent Bond

• A SHARING of two valence electrons.
• Nonmetals bond with Nonmetals
• Or Nonmetals bond with Hydrogen.

14
How to show how they formed

• Its like a jigsaw puzzle.
• I have to tell you what the final formula is.
• You put the pieces together to end up with the
  right formula.
• For example- show how water is formed with
  covalent bonds.

15
Water

• Each hydrogen has 1 valence electron
• Each hydrogen wants 1 more
• The oxygen has 6 valence electrons
• The oxygen wants 2 more
• They share to make each other happy

H
X
16
Water

• Put the pieces together
• The first hydrogen is happy
• The oxygen still wants one more

H
X
17
Water

• The second hydrogen attaches
• Every atom has full energy levels

H
X
X
H
18
Multiple Bonds

• Sometimes atoms share more than one pair of
  valence electrons forming multiple bonds
• A double bond is when atoms share two pair (4) of
  electrons.
• A triple bond is when atoms share three pair (6)
  of electrons.

19
Carbon dioxide - CO2

• Carbon is central atom
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons
• Wants 4 more
• Oxygen has 6 valence electrons
• Wants 2 more

X
20
Carbon dioxide

• Attaching 1 oxygen leaves the oxygen 1 short and
  the carbon 3 short of electrons

X
C
X
X
X
21
Carbon dioxide

• Attaching the second oxygen leaves both oxygen 1
  short and the carbon 2 short of electrons

X
C
X
X
X
22
Carbon dioxide

• The only solution is to share more

X
C
X
X
X
23
Carbon dioxide

• The only solution is to share more

24
Carbon dioxide

• The only solution is to share more

O
25
Carbon dioxide

• The only solution is to share more

O
26
Carbon dioxide

• The only solution is to share more

X
C
O
X
X
X
27
Carbon dioxide

• The only solution is to share more

O
O
28
Carbon dioxide

• The only solution is to share more
• Requires two double bonds
• Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond

O
O
29
Carbon dioxide

• The only solution is to share more
• Requires two double bonds
• Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond

8 valence electrons
O
O
30
Carbon dioxide

• The only solution is to share more
• Requires two double bonds
• Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond

8 valence electrons
O
O
31
Carbon dioxide

• The only solution is to share more
• Requires two double bonds
• Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond

8 valence electrons
O
O
32
Carbon dioxide

• The only solution is to share more
• Requires two double bonds
• Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the bond

O
O