Republican Ascendancy

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Republican Ascendancy

• 1800 1824
• Chapter 9

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Republican Ascendancy 1800 1824

• Jeffersons Presidency
• Republicans in a Dangerous World
• The War of 1812
• Womens Status in the Early Republic
• Madisons Successors

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Jeffersons Presidency

• The Election of 1800
• Gabriels Rebellion
• The Jefferson Vision of Republican Simplicity
• The Judiciary and the Midnight Judges
• The Promise of the West The Louisiana Purchase
  and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

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Jeffersons Presidency

• The Revolution of 1800
• Not what Gabriel thought he meant
• A peaceful transfer of power
• From Federalist to Republican ideals
• But he could, and would, use that central power
  when he needed to

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The Election of 1800
Republicans
Federalists
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The Election of 1800

• John Adams Heads the Federalist ticket
• Fine in New England, but
• He made enemies in Congress concessions to the
  French
• Middle and Southern States had plans
• C.C. Pinckney to ease him out
• Hamilton makes a public condemnation of Adams
• Reveals the divisions in the Federalists camp

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The Election of 1800

• Big Surprise not that Adams lost
• Jefferson and Burr tie
• Burr decides not to concede
• Vote goes to House
• House is Federalist
• Hamilton has at hand
• Peaceful transition
• Political under the table

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Gabriels Rebellion

• The infighting between parties
• The Haitian Revolution
• His plan
• March on State Capital Richmond
• Set diversionary fires
• Capture a major arsenal
• Take Governor hostage James Monroe
• Leave Methodists and Quakers alone
• Expected Indians and poor white trash to join
  him
• He may have believed that Monroe was sympathetic

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Gabriels Rebellion

• The Revolt never happened
• Massive thunder storm in Aug. on the appointed
  day
• A few nervous slaves spilled the secret
• Within days scores of conspirators in jail
• Used the Rhetoric of Liberty and invoked image of
  Washington
• Started hanging individuals Jefferson says
  deport them
• Federalist say results of Republican ideas
• Gabriels rebellion brought the close to ending
  slavery

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The Jefferson Vision of Republican Simplicity

• Jeffersons idea of government clearly contrast
  to Federalist ideals
• From his inauguration on he was different
• He supported the constitution not
  anti-federalist
• Saw too much power in Executive Branch
• Did not like Hamiltons vision
• Funding public debt
• National bank
• Commercial ties with England
• He will start to dismantle the Federalist system

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The Jefferson Vision of Republican Simplicity

• Jeffersons idea of government was
• Source of true freedom small independent farmers
• Land giveaway 50 acres to every landless white
  man
• This was radical
• Reduce the size of Army 3,000 soldiers 1/3
• Reduce the Navy from 12 to 7
• Defense was a well regulated (disciplined)
  militia

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The Jefferson Vision of Republican Simplicity

• Jeffersons idea of government was
• Abolished all internal Federal taxes
• Population taxes plus for the south
• Whiskey tax
• Government revenue customs and Western land

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The Jefferson Vision of Republican Simplicity

• Jeffersons idea of government was
• Properly limited government
• Postal service
• Federal courts
• Staffing lighthouses
• Collecting customs
• Conducting the census
• Federal Government went from 130 people to a few
  dozen

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The Judiciary and the Midnight Judges

• Just before Jefferson takes office
• The Judiciary act of 1801 is passed
• Increases circuit courts from 6 to 16
• Decreases the supreme court from 6 to 5
• Marbury vs. Madison
• This establishes the principle of Judicial review

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The Promise of the West The Louisiana Purchase
and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

• 1799 Napoleon is in power in France
• England and France are at war again
• 1800 Mississippi River is Americas western
  boundary
• 1763 Treaty of Paris West of the river is
  Spanish
• The Spanish dont send a lot of people
• The only powerful Spanish presence is in New
  Orleans
• 1790s Spanish try to get American's to settle
  in area
• Even allowed free navigation of the River
• By 1801 a sizable minority across the river

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The Promise of the West The Louisiana Purchase
and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Publicly, Jefferson is against it
• Privately, he says, I wish 100,000 Americans
  would go
• The specter of war was not unreal
• 1802 Spain revoked American shipping rights on
  river
• Federalist started talking about taking the city
  by force

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The Promise of the West The Louisiana Purchase
and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

• 1802 Jefferson hears a rumor
• Spain is selling Louisiana back to the French
• This could be a problem
• Spain proved to be a weak neighbor
• The French could be another story altogether

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The Promise of the West The Louisiana Purchase
and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Enter Robert R. Livingston Am. Minister to
  France
• Jefferson tells him to try to buy New Orleans
• France denies they own it
• Livingston says he has seen the treaty
• And in passing, that American may just
  accidentally
• Take it by force if buying it is out of the
  question

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The Promise of the West The Louisiana Purchase
and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

• The French suddenly ask Livingston to name his
  pricefor the entire territory
• From the Gulf to Canada
• Livingston stallsthe French recommend 125
  million60 millionok, ok, ok15 million
• Jefferson and most of the congress are very happy
• All except for the New England states -
  Federalists

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The Promise of the West The Louisiana Purchase
and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

• The Federalists did not mind taking New Orleans
  by force
• But all that land would be divided up and become
  states
• They would loose control
• Jefferson also had a problem
• He liked the idea land for independent farmers
• One little problem the constitution
• He might need an amendment to be able to gain
  territory
• Others told him his power to make treaties would
  cover this action
• He went with the second

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The Promise of the West The Louisiana Purchase
and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Late 1803 the American army took formal control
  of the LT
• The United States was now 828,000 square miles
  larger
• Jefferson was an eager beaver
• Early 1803 got congressional funding for a
  clandestine spy mission CIA Spanish and
  Indian territory
• Meriwether Lewis, his personal secretary, to lead
  the trip

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The Promise of the West The Louisiana Purchase
and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Two purposes Scientific and Military
• Jefferson Scientific
• Indian Cultures
• Plant and animal specimens
• Chart the geography of the West
• Congress Military
• Scout locations for bases
• Open commercial fur trade
• Locate possible waterway to the west coast NW
  Passage

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The Promise of the West The Louisiana Purchase
and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Picks William Clark to go with him
• Pick 45 men to go also with particular skills
• Riflemen, hunters, fishermen, interpreters,
  gunsmith, a cook, and a thirty year old slave
  York belonged to Clark
• 1804 they set off stop for winter at a Mandan
  village
• York amazed the Mandan

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The Promise of the West The Louisiana Purchase
and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Next spring a French trapper helps them with his
  wife
• 16 year old girl Sacagawea she helped a lot
  other natives
• Reached the Pacific Ocean 1805
• The came home heroes

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Republicans in a Dangerous World

• Troubles at Sea and the Embargo Act of 1807
• Madison Gets Entangled
• Indian Troubles in the West

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Republicans in a Dangerous World

• British and French are still fighting
• Indians to the west are forming a confederacy
• A few months before the election of 1804
• Our VP kills our political enemy in a duel

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Historical Question

• How could a vice President get away with murder?
• 11 July 1804
• Slander in print
• Looses NY Gov. Race

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Troubles at Sea and the Embargo Act of 1807

• 1790s America did well when England and France
  were at war
• 1803 both want to make sure it doesnt happen
  again
• Impose restrictions on American trade with the
  other
• 1806 British started enforcing the restrictions
  and more
• Impressments
• Brits looking for deserters would take Americans
  as well
• 1807-1812 more than 2,500 Americans are impressed
  into service
• One Incident was particularly bad

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Troubles at Sea and the Embargo Act of 1807

• The Chesapeake Incident
• June 1807 Brits are looking for deserters
• There are some British deserters on board
• Chesapeake refuses to stop
• Brits open fire kill 3 Americans
• IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY

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Troubles at Sea and the Embargo Act of 1807

• Jefferson is livid Impressments were bad enough
• Jefferson writes a manifesto to England
• Condemning this outrage
• Demanding the end of impressments
• His aids recommends he tone it down
• The Army and Navy have been downsized
• Before the Chesapeake incident
• Jefferson convinced congress to impose
  non-importation laws on specific British goods

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Troubles at Sea and the Embargo Act of 1807

• But now Jefferson is mad
• Pushes through the Embargo Act of 1807
• Americans are forbidden to trade with foreign
  ports
• He thought Britain needed us more than we needed
  them bad plan
• 1790-1807 US exports increased 5 fold now
  instant stop bad news
• New England Shipping industry
• South tobacco rots on the dock
• Middle states wheat values drop drastically

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Troubles at Sea and the Embargo Act of 1807

• Jefferson will keep the embargo in place until
  the last day of his presidency
• The Federalists will be able to gain some
  political power back from this
• In 1809 Congress will replace it with the
  Non-Interaction Act of 1809
• No direct trade with England or France

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Madison Gets Entangled

• 1808 Jefferson states he will not seek a third
  term
• Madison will run as well as Monroe Republicans
• Federalists will nominate Pinckney again he
  does better this time
• But the Republicans control most of the states

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Madison Gets Entangled

• 1810 the attacks on American ships continue
• French and British
• 1810 the Non-Intercourse Act expires
• Congress replaces it with a new law
• It will permit trade with the first one that
  stops
• Napoleon jumps at the open supply chance
• Madison informs England Embargo is back on
• Unless they stop search and seizure policy

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Madison Gets Entangled

• 1811 The British make no effort to stop
  Impressments or seizures
• The French continue to seize American ships also
• Madison is forced to reinstate the embargos
• The country seemed to be on the verge of war
• Who is the enemy? England? France?
• To others war would finish us off

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Madison Gets Entangled

• 1811 a new congress take the house
• Madisons embargo is ready to take effect
• Some of these young men are ready for pay back
• The War Hawks
• Henry Clay Kentucky
• John C. Calhoun South Carolina
• They call themselves Republicans a new breed
• US needs to be strong against enemies abroad

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Madison Gets Entangled
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Indian Troubles in the West

• American are moving west
• Indians are renewing ties to British Fur traders
• If we have war with England this could be a
  problem
• 1805 William Henry Harrison Territorial Governor
  of Indiana
• Negotiates treaties divide and conquer
• This will become hard to carry out

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Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
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Indian Troubles in the West

• No Indian can sell land held by all tribes in
  common
• 1809 Harrison calls chiefs from Potawatomi,
  Miami, Delaware tribes to Fort Wayne
• Tecumseh is out of town
• Madison say make sure everyone is represented
• Harrison pulls a fast one some have no claim to
  the land
• 3 million acres for 2 cents an acre
• Tecumseh comes home and is furious

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Indian Troubles in the West

• Tecumseh leaves to recruit
• Brother at Prophetstown
• Avoid conflict until I get back
• Harrison marches on the town with 1000 men
• Ten. Attacks first driven away
• Town is burned
• Harrison gets nickname
• Tecumseh is ready to fight

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The War of 1812

• The War Begins
• The British Offensives of 1814
• The War Ends

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The War Begins

• War Hawks are pushing war with everybody
• They were from the west and south
• They were also very expansionists
• Indians in the west along with the British
• Looking to Florida
• Threaten parts of Canada

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The War Begins

• John C. Calhoun gets on the Foreign Relations
  Committee
• The size of the army quadrupled
• New England Federalist refuse to endorse these
  war preparation why???
• June 1812 congress declared war on England
• Sectional lines
• New England and Mid Atlantic against it
• South and West strongly for it

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The War Begins

• Invasion of Canada bad plan
• 1812 Election Madison wins but by less
• 1812 and 1813 the tide turns in our favor
• Attacked and burned York (Toronto)
• Perry defeats the British fleet Lake Erie
• 1813 battle of Thames Tecumseh killed
• Andrew Jackson in the South
• 2500 Tennesseans attack the Creek Indians
• 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend killed 550
  Indians
• women and children

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The War Begins
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Perry and Jackson
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The British Offensives of 1814

• British ships sail into the Chesapeake Bay
• People in Washington freak D of I is saved
• 5000 troops land in Washington burn white house
• Dont try to hold it march to Baltimore harbor
• Fort McHenry and Maryland Militia
• Star-Spangled Banner Francis Scott Key
• British pull out not willing to take the city

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The British Offensives of 1814
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The British Offensives of 1814

• Sept 1814 Started to March on NY from Canada
  many blunders they turn back
• Large British army landed in Louisiana
• Met Jacksons forces killed between 2-3000
  Brits
• Battle of New Orleans glorious victory 1815
  But
• Treaty signed in December 1814

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The War Ends

• The Treaty of Ghent Dec. 1814
• No real victors
• British gave up Western forts and giving aid to
  the Indians
• We gave up the issue of impressment and the claim
  to Canada
• There are losers
• New England federalists feel the sting of defeat

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The War Ends

• New England Federalists start to lose power
• Dec 1814 meet in Hartford, Connecticut
• Discuss Secession from Union
• Propose constitutional amendments to protect
  their power
• Attempt to reduce Southern power
• As the convention broke up two things happened
• News of Victory in New Orleans
• News of the Treaty
• The Federalist lose political power here and
  never recover

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Womens Status in the Early Republic

• Women and the Law
• Women and Church Governance

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Women and the Law

• British Common law wives obey husband
• Legal doctrine feme covert
• Procedures for divorce established
• Marriage maintained as an unequal relationship
• Single adult women could own and convey property,
  make contracts, initiate suites, and pay taxes
• They could not Vote (NJ), serve on juries,
  practice law.
• Slaves were still considered property

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Women and Church Governance
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Madisons Successors

• 1812, 1816, 1820 VA maintained its grip on the
  Whitehouse
• 1816 Monroe beats Rufus King
• Era of Good Feelings
• There were many problems
• Missouri Territory
• Foreign Policy

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Madisons Successors

• The Missouri Compromise
• The Monroe Doctrine
• The Election of 1824
• The Adams Administration

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The Missouri Compromise

• 1819 Missouri applied for statehood
• The process for statehood had run smoothly since
  1790s
• Missouri had more than 10,000 slaves in it
• Tallmadge offers two amendments to the Bill
• Gradual emancipation
• Slaves born in Missouri are free when they turn
  25
• No slaves could be imported into the state

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The Missouri Compromise
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The Missouri Compromise

• Everyone is afraid of slavery
• Republicans are worried about the federalists
  north
• They did not like this appearance of division
• Jefferson said
• We have a wolf by the ears, and we can neither
  hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in
  one scale, and self preservation in the other.

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The Monroe Doctrine

• While they struggled with slavery
• 1816 Jackson invaded Spanish Fla.
• He was searching for Seminole Indians
• Still raiding in America
• Started harboring runaway slaves
• Jackson declares himself commander of North Fla.
• Executes 2 British men as dangerous individuals
• Monroe wants to court martial him
• But Jackson is a very popular individual

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The Monroe Doctrine

• While this goes on
• John Quincy Adams meets with Spain
• 1819 - The Adams-Onis Treaty
• We get Fla.
• We give up claims to Texas and Cuba
• Problem with other nations reclaiming old
  colonies in South America
• We forbid any European nation coming to Western
  Hemisphere
• We will stay out of European struggles

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The Election of 1824
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The Adams Administration
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Conclusion From Jefferson to Adams
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Opening Vignette

• The Shawnee chief Tecumseh attemps to forge a
  pan-Indian confederacy

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The Promise of Technology

• Eli Terrys Clock