The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

• Important Inventions and their Role in Bringing a
  Revolution in The Textile Industry

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The Transition

• The Industrial Revolution resulted in the
  transition from the Domestic System to the
  Factory System.
• Prior to the Revolution, textiles could be
  produced entirely in the home.
• Spinning and weaving were the two most important
  processes in the production of textiles.
• Both processes were compatible with the domestic
  system, which prevailed until the mid to late
  1700s.

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Spinning and Weaving
Maintaining the balance between spinning and
weaving was the key to the Industrial Revolution
in the Textile Industry.

• Weaving Machines
• Hand Loom
• Flying Shuttle
• Power Loom

• Spinning Machines
• Spinning Wheel
• Spinning Jenny
• Water Frame
• The Mule

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Spinning and Weaving in the Home
The Hand Loom in the background. The Spinning
Wheel in the foreground.
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Background

• The textile industry of 1760 was organized as a
  cottage industry, the so-called domestic
  system, where workers produced textile goods in
  their homes.
• Spinning raw fiber, whether wool, flax, silk, or
  cotton, was done on a spinning wheel, a single
  thread at a time.
• The thread spun by spinners on the spinning wheel
  fed the weavers who produced cloth on the hand
  loom.

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The Domestic System

• The production of linen from flax grown in
  Scotland, and woolens from raw wool produced
  throughout England and Scotland, formed the basis
  of the domestic system.
• Pure cotton cloth was rare because the spinning
  wheel could not spin cotton thread strong enough
  for use on the hand loom.
• Instead, a cotton/linen blend called fustians
  used the stronger and finer linen thread in
  combination with the weaker, and courser cotton
  thread.

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The Spinning Wheel
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The Hand Loom
Except for an occasional shortage of spun thread
around harvest time when the spinners abandoned
their work to harvest crops, the domestic system,
with the spinning wheel and the hand loom, worked
well.
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The Hand Loom

• With the domestic system, four or five spinning
  wheels provided thread to each hand loom, a
  box-like apparatus in which the weaver sat at one
  end, facing a series of long threads pulled taut
  from a roller, or warp beam, at the other.
• These threads are called the warp.
• They are kept closely aligned in parallel fashion
  by individual loops.
• Shorter threads run across the width of the
  fabric and are perpendicular to the warp they
  are called the weft.

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The Hand Loom

• Heddle shafts separate the warp threads with half
  being raised, and half being lowered on an
  alternating basis.
• The weaver passes the weft between the upper and
  lower warp threads, and while holding the weft
  taut, uses a batten to bang the weft tight
  between the warp threads.
• The foot treadles move the heddles and cause the
  warp to alternate each time the weft passes.
• The resultant finished cloth, called woof, is
  taken up on a beam just above the weavers feet.

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The Hand Loom

• The weaver passes the weft across the warp using
  a shuttle, an instrument from 9 to 12 inches long
  that looks like a small one-man canoe.
• A bobbin of thread, the weft, is located in the
  center of the canoe and plays out as the
  shuttle is passed across the loom.
• The limitation of the hand loom was that the
  cloth could be no wider than the reach of the
  weaver who must toss the shuttle with one hand
  and catch it with the other.

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The Hand Loom
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The Start of a Revolution

• The genesis of the Industrial Revolution was the
  invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay of
  Bury in 1733.
• Initially, the flying shuttle had only minor
  influence on the textile industry, but after its
  introduction into popular usage in 1760, it upset
  the delicate balance between spinning and
  weaving.
• The flying shuttle doubled the output of the
  weaver and set in motion a series of events that
  led to a transition from the domestic system to
  the factory system.

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The Flying Shuttle

• The flying shuttle was a significant improvement
  of the hand loom.
• It operated on the principle that the shuttle
  could be propelled for greater distance and at a
  faster speed by giving a quick jerk on a hand
  held pick attached to spring loaded hammers.
• A weighted shuttle gave it momentum, and it
  rolled on small wheels along a wooden tray.
• The flying shuttle allowed the production of
  wider bolts of cloth at greatly increased speed.

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The Flying Shuttle
Notice the hand held picks in the weavers hand.
A quick jerk on the pick, which is attached to
spring loaded hammers propels the shuttle.
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The Spinning Jenny

• The flying shuttle caused an acute thread
  shortage. This encouraged inventors to seek
  mechanical improvements in spinning.
• The first practical result was the Hargreaves
  spinning jenny, invented in 1764.
• Inspired by his wife Jenny when her spinning
  wheel overturned and the wheel continued to spin
  in the horizontal position, he noticed the
  spindle that was normally horizontal became
  vertical.

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The Spinning Jenny

• This gave him the idea of using multiple vertical
  spindles.
• The raw material was drawn out by sliding a
  moving carriage back and forth on a wooden frame
  with one hand, while turning a handle to work the
  spindles with the other.
• By coordinating these actions, it was possible to
  draw and twist the yarn at the same time.
• The Spinning Jenny was an important step in
  restoring balance between spinning and weaving.

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The Spinning Jenny
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The Water Frame
In 1768, Richard Arkwright invented the
water-frame, so-called because it ran on water
power, rather than by human power.
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The Water Frame

• The Water Frame speeded up the spinning process
  by introducing a system of rollers moving at
  different speeds.
• This allowed the production of finer, stronger
  cotton yarn.
• Cotton became the dominate fiber, which developed
  almost exclusively as a factory system because
  cotton fiber was more cohesive and less elastic
  than wool, thus allowing it to be twisted and
  spun by mechanical means.

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Richard Arkwright

• In 1775, Arkwright produced an improved
  water-frame that linked the process of carding
  with the subsequent processes of roving and
  spinning, thus further stimulating the transition
  to the factory system.

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Implications for Spinning

• Both the jenny and the water-frame, came into
  wide use in 1768.
• The jenny was compatible with the domestic
  system, while the water-frame was an important
  step toward the factory system.
• The water-frame and the spinning jenny were not
  in competition.
• The water-frame, with its roller-spinning
  feature, produced the stronger, finer, warp,
  while the jenny produced the courser weaker weft.
  
• Using both machines made producing pure cotton
  cloth possible.

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Cromptons Mule

• Samuel Crompton invented a machine called the
  mule, in 1779.
• The mule combined the roller features of the
  water-frame with the moving carriage of the jenny
  and set the standard for decades to come.

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Cromptons Mule

• Subsequent improvements in spinning were
  modifications of Crompton's basic model, which.
  accelerated the transition to the factory system.
  
• At first, the mule was adopted to home use, but
  with only minor modifications, it could easily be
  converted to external power because the number of
  spindles was limited only by the amount of power
  needed to run them.
• Both the mule and the water-frame were easily
  adapted to the factory system.

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Cromptons Mule

• Because the combination of the roller system and
  the moving carriage allowed the mule to produce a
  finer, stronger, thread, it eventually replaced
  the jenny.
• While the water-frame made it possible to weave
  calicoes in England, rather than import them from
  India, the mule produced a finer, stronger,
  thread that enabled the British weavers to
  produce muslins of a higher quality.
• The mule made it possible to produce both the
  warp and the weft.

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Rights of Ownership

• The rights of ownership for these inventions were
  not always clear.
• Often, an invention was not the work of a single
  man, but the culmination of earlier inventions by
  many others.
• Whoever brought the process to completion usually
  got credit, as was the case with Arkwright.
• There were serious challenges to the patents of
  machines he invented, and in 1785, all were
  annulled.

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Implications of the Mule

• Crompton never bothered to patent his invention.
• First, it would have been difficult to do so
  because his roller system was similar to those
  used in the water-frame, and Arkwright's patents
  were still in force.
• Second, Crompton was less aggressive in seeking
  profit from his work.
• When it was no longer possible to keep his
  invention a secret, Crompton presented the mule
  to the public, as a gift.
• By 1789, anyone who cared to produce either mules
  or water-frames was free to do so.

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Other Important Inventions

• Two other important inventions were key to the
  rapid onslaught of the Industrial Revolution.
• The first was the power loom, invented the
  Reverend Edmund Cartwright, D.D.
• The second was the steam engine, invented by
  Matthew Boulton and James Watt.
• From this point forward, the Industrial
  Revolution proceeded at a lightening pace.

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Edmund Cartwright, D.D

• Cartwright invented the power loom in 1785.
  Improvements in spinning had upset the balance
  this time the weaver who was in short supply.
• While the flying shuttle could still be used in
  the home, the power loom was designed exclusively
  for the factory.
• It ushered in the irreversible transition to the
  factory system and restored the balance between
  spinning and weaving.

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The Steam Engine

• Boulton and Watt's steam engine substituted steam
  as the primary source of power in industrial
  production.
• At first, factories that were dependent on water
  power were located near rivers, but the
  introduction of steam power removed this
  geographical restriction.
• Although first patented in 1769, the steam engine
  did not come into commercial use until 1785, and
  it was several years before it became widely used
  in the textile industry.

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Matthew Boulton and James Watt
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In Summary

• Cromptons Mule and Cartwrights power loom set
  the standard in the textile industry for
  generations. Any later developments were simply
  improvements on these basic designs.
• The steam engine likewise set the standard as the
  source of power for generations to come.
• The annulment of Arkwrights patents and
  Cromptons unique personality, which resulted in
  him presenting the mule as a gift to the public,
  greatly facilitated the rapid expansion of these
  important inventions.

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Monetary Gains
As you can see from the table to your right, Sir
Richard Arkwright was the only important inventor
who profited from his invention. Who do you
think the machine breakers were? Source
Clark, Gregory. A Farewell to Alms. Princeton
University Press, Princeton, NJ. Page 235.
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The Industrial Revolution

• Any Questions?