SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING EXPLOITATION AND MANAGEMENT OF

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SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING EXPLOITATION AND
MANAGEMENT OF TOP PREDATORS P. M. Miyake
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Exploitation
Managements

• Biological (including echo-system and stocks)
  environment
• Oceanographic (physiochemical) environment
• Fishery and management policy
• Socio-economic

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Exploitation
Managements

• Biological (including echo-system and stocks)
  environment
• Oceanographic (physiochemical) environment
• Fishery and management policy
• Socio-economic

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Fisheries
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Historical catch by fishing gears
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Major technological changes in fishing

• Longline
• Super-freezer
• Deep setting
• Shift from Large to small boats
• Pole and line
• Forced water circulation
• Introduction of freezer
• Purse seine
• Increasing holding-capacity
• Bird rader
• Development of FAD fishing

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Increasing small longline catch
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Increasing Fishing Capacity(particularly of
large seiners)
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Major economical changes in fishing

• Vessel construction cost (Negative?)
• Fish price and demand (Positive?)
• Reduction of cost from landing to consumers
  market
• Operating cost (fuel, labor, material, bait,
  etc.)
• Increasing coastal states right
• Cost for management (observers, VMS, various
  mitigation procedures, etc)

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Fuel price
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Recent changes in fisheries

• Recent increase in purse seine fishing capacity
  and consequently in catch
• Shift from large fish to small fish
• Reduction of Y/R and AMSY
• Increase in coastal fisheries (particularly of
  small longliners)

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Impact of various gears on stock
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Processing
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Tuna (mt) used for canning and sashimi
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Import price for canning and sashimi
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Tuna product (in processed wght) share
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Canned tuna producing countries
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Trade and market structure
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Sashimi market
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(No Transcript)
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Problems with trade data

• No reliable world statistics for a long period.
• Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas are given in
  processed weight but how processed is not given.
• Fresh, chilled or frozen tuna are in wet weight,
  but the canned product is in canned net weight.
• Exports, imports, productions and re-exports are
  often inconsistent.
• Fresh, chilled or frozen tunas can be used for
  canning or fresh fish market.
• Canned tuna may include other species than major
  tunas (e.g. bonitos)..

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Canned tuna exports by cotinents
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Consumption

• No reliable world statistics for a long period.
• Consumptions are calculated as balance
• Production Import - Export Reexport -

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Consumption of canned tuna by continents
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Consumption of fresh, chilled and frozen tuna by
continents
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Other socio-economic elements

• Eco-system approach for fishery managements
• Evaluation of target species population
• Evaluation of impact of fisheries to the entire
  eco-system.
• Evaluation of influence of eco-system to target
  species.

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Farming
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Development of tuna farming
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Japanese import of farmed tuna
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Positive sides of farming

• Add values to the captured fish.Price-rise for
  many bait fish and hence economical gains for
  other local fisheries.
• Increase job opportunities in farming areas.
• Provide fat meat of tuna to the market in a large
  quantity and relatively low price.
• Provide high valued tuna on constant basis.
• Stabilized tuna as an important trade commodity.

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Negative sides of farming

• Uncertainties in quantity, area, time and size of
  fish of catches increased (possible tuna
  laundering.)
• Excessive exploitation of bluefin stocks.
• Tuna price in the Japanese market collapsed and
  lead many fishers to economic difficulties.
• Collapsed peoples taste bud (authors opinion).
• Possible sanitary problem?
• Negative effects on environment?
• Introduction of new parasites or disease by
  baitfish?

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Production of farmed tuna vs. catch
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Japanese domestic and import BFTs
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Japanese price and quantity of Med. BFT
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Thank you for listning P. M. Miyake