The Internationalization of Higher Education

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The Internationalization of Higher Education
EMERLINDA R. ROMAN University of the Philippines
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Globalization has demanded from universities the
following

• improvement in the quality of education
• increases in the quantity of graduates and other
  outputs
• efficiency in the way universities are managed
• graduates with a global outlook

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Higher Education
FROM nationalization

• curricular programs more responsive to national
  needs
• use of teaching materials that have local or
  national flavor
• use of national language
• focus teaching on promoting nationalist ideals

(inward looking)
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Higher Education
FROM nationalization
TO internationalization

• international higher educations role in
  augmenting national capacity with focus on a
  countrys development as it relates with other
  countries

(outward looking)
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• International Strategies
• cross-border education
• internationalizing curriculum

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Cross-Border Education
Reasons/Drivers of Cross-Border Education

• Increasing demand for quality higher education
• Inadequate opportunities for higher education in
  the home country
• Increasing support and initiatives for studies
  abroad
• national governments
• foreign governments
• international providers
• private sector
• Increasing interest in international, regional,
  country studies programs

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Cross-Border Education
Forms of Cross-Border Education

• student mobility
• program or institution mobility
• professor mobility

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Student Mobility

• Students cross borders to receive foreign
  education.

• Trends
• Bright students from developing countries cross
  over to study in the worlds best universities.

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Student Mobility

• Trends
• 2. China and India are biggest exporters of
  students.

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Student Mobility

• Trends
• 3. US, Great Britain, France, Germany and
  Australia are favorite destinations.

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Student Mobility

• Trends
• 4. In Asia, Japan is most popular destination.

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Student Mobility

• Trends
• 5. Choice of country and university influenced
  by
• - perceived quality and reputation of
  university/education system
• - geography
• - historical connections to particular countries
• - language
• - affordability
• - accessibility
• - possibility of subsequent migration
• SOURCE OECD/Norway Forum on Trade in Educational
  Services

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Program/Institution Mobility

• Program or institution crosses borders.

• Types
• Franchising agreement
• Twinning arrangement
• Distance learning/online education
• Branch campuses
• SOURCE Simon Marginson and Grant McBurnie,
  Cross-border Post-Secondary Education in the
  Asia Pacific Region

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Professor Mobility

• Professors cross borders.

• - usually part of academic exchange programs
• - professors handle courses with international
  dimensions

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Internationalizing the Curriculum

• Offering courses with international dimension

- International relations - International
business - International finance - Chinese
studies - Japan studies - European studies -
Asian studies
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The Case of the University of the Philippines
Constraints of a State/Public University

• Preference is the Filipino students.
• Hiring policy prioritize Filipino nationals.

.
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The Case of the University of the Philippines
No. of international students in 2007-2008 No.
of international faculty last 3 years No. of
international conferences organized in last 3
years No. of faculty sent abroad to read papers
in international conferences funded by UP in the
last 3 years No. of academic cooperation
agreements UP is member of several international
networks
1000 341
260 1709 200
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Internationalization of Higher Education
Who benefits?
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Gains from Internationalization of Higher
Education

• Capacity building
• Mutual understanding
• Global citizenship

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Problems with Internationalization

• Brain drain
• - attraction of higher paying jobs, better
  working conditions and comfortable lifestyles in
  developed countries have discouraged students
  from returning home
• - some developed countries are unable to produce
  their own human resource requirements and compete
  for foreign professionals
• - some developing countries are unable to recoup
  their investment in their scholars.

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Problems with Internationalization

• International education responds more to market
  forces than to requisites for nation-building
• - Skeptics argue that the ascendance of a market
  ideology has weakened the concept of country and
  of nationalism
• Migration from public sector to private sector
• - BUT, a booming private sector can augment
  national development efforts.

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In the knowledge-based economy, knowledge workers
and professionals are the most sought after and
the most important competitive advantage that a
country can have.
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Challenge is for countries to translate this
competitive advantage into opportunities that
will benefit the country. Philippines Balik
Scientist Program India Technoparks have
attracted their engineers and scientists back
home Taiwan overseas Chinese invest in Taiwan,
some come home to become successful
entrepreneurs
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Challenge is to convert brain drain into brain
circulation so that there is net brain gain to
the country.
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Thank you