Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System

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Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System
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Infected Tissues

• Pharyngitis Throat
• Laryngitis Larynx
• Tonsillitis Tonsils
• Sinusitis Sinuses
• Epiglottitis Epiglottis
• epglottis covers larynx
• emerging disease
• potentially deadly
• H.influenzae b

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Pathogens

• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• S. pyogenes
• Haemophilus influenzae

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Streptococcal Pharyngitis

• Group A, Beta Hemolytic Strep
• G Streptococcus pygogenes
• Also causes skin diseases
• Impetigo, erysipelas, bacterial endocarditis

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Streptococcal Pharyngitis

• Enhanced Pathogenicity
• Resist phagocytosis (Mprotein)
• Streptokinases
• Lyse fibin clots
• Streptolysins
• Toxins against RBCs and Leukocytes

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Other forms of Pharyngitis

• 50 are Group A Streps
• Antibiotics for Strep cultures
• Tests required
• Agglutination tests latex coated beads
• IgM titer good indicator but expensive
• 24 Hr. Culture

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Pharyngitis Symptoms

• Local Inflammation of mucous membranes
• fever
• Tonsillitis
• Otitis Media
• Serological types 80
• Immunity does not cross-protect
• Treatment
• Penicillin

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Scarlet Fevers.pyogenes

• Streptococcal pharyngitis
• Toxin Production
• Lysogenized phage
• Erythrogenic
• Pink/red skin rash (immune rxn)
• Circulates in blood
• Tongue spotted
• peeling
• Scalded skin syndrome
• Peeling

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Scarlet Fever

• Spread by droplet formation
• Inhalation
• Direct contact

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DiptheriaCorynebacterium diptheriae

• Before 1935 leading cause of infant death from
  bacterial disease
• Upper Respitory infection
• Sore throat, fever, swelling of the neck

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DiptheriaCorynebacterium diptheriae

• G rod, club-shaped, pleiomorphic staining
• Uneven staining
• Pallisade arrangement

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DiptheriaPathology

• Grey membrane forms in throat
• Fibrin, dead tissue, bacteria
• Airway blockage
• Death from asphyxiation

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DiptheriaCorynebacterium diptheriae

• Pathogenic forms are lysogenic for phage
• Toxin production
• Interferes with protein synthesis
• Organ failure can result
• Paralysis if nerves affected

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DiptheriaImmunity

• Immunity can develop if patient recovers
• death in 5-10 of cases
• Part of DPT vaccine
• Immunity weakens with time
• 20 are effectively immunized
• outbreaks are possible

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Diseases of the Lower Respitory System
Tuberculosis

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Gram rod
• slow growing in clumps
• acid fast stain
• resistant to drying, in sputum
• inhalation
• activate macrophage in healthy individuals

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Tuberculosisbacterial survival 1

• Bacteria may survive inside macrophage
• Protection from antibodies
• Multiply inside macrophage

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Tuberculosisbacterial survival 2

• Chemotactic response by macrophage
• Other macrophage attracted to site of infection
• Wall off infected cells
• Tubercle formed
• Cytokine-induce lung damage

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Tuberculosisbacterial survival 3

• Center macrophage die
• Bacteria released
• Gaseous center formed
• Low oxygen environment
• Bacteria do not grow well
• May heal but leave a calcified lesion
• (x-ray) diagnosis

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Tuberculosisbacterial survival 4

• Center space may enlarge
• Liquifaction
• Air-filled cavity results
• Bacteria multiply

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Tuberculosisbacterial survival 5

• Tubercle ruptures
• Bacteria released in bronchioles
• Highly contageous
• Weight-loss, loss of vigor, consumption

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TuberculosisTherapy

• Multiple antibiotics
• Therapy for months
• grows slowly
• only growing cells affected
• improper use results in resistance

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TuberculosisSkin Test

• Antigen injection
• Examine for hypersensitivity
• Cell mediated immune response
• Reddening is positive test
• Follow with x-ray

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Tuberculosisother tests

• Radioactive metabolic probes
• Inhale palmitic acid
• Converted to CO2
• DNA probes
• PCR

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Bacterial diseaselower digestive system

• Pathogens ingested in food
• Grow in mucosal layer
• May penetrate epithelial layer
• Delay in symptoms until population increases

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Lower digestive systemintoxication

• Preformed toxin ingestion
• Affects epithelial cells
• Fever may be present

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Infection and Intoxication Symptoms

• Diarrhea
• Watery stools
• Dysentery
• Bloody diarrhea
• Cramps
• Nausea
• Vomiting

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Lower Digestive Disease

• Leading cause of infant mortality in developing
  countries
• Affects absorption
• Leads to malnutrition

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Lower Digestive Diseaseagents of infection

• Rotovirus (most common)
• Enterotoxigenic E.coli
• Salmonella sp.
• Shigella sp.

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Lower Digestive Diseasetherapy

• Oral rehydration therapy
• High cure rate
• NaCl, KCl, Glucose, Sodium bicarbonate

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Lower Digestive Diseasesources

• E.coli, Shigella
• Fecal contamination of water
• Contaminated meats
• Salmonella
• Poultry and eggs
• Pet reptiles (90 carrier rate)

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Shigella
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Salmonella
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Helicobacter pylori