Chapter 23 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

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Chapter 23 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

• Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

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• Setting the Scene The Hapsburgs had controlled
  the Holy Roman Empire for nearly 400 years when
  Napoleon invaded the German-speaking states.
  Austria's center of power now lay in Eastern
  Europe. Further wars resulted in continued loss
  of territory to Germany and Italy. Why did
  nationalism bring new strength to some countries
  and weaken others? In Eastern Europe, the
  Austrian Hapsburgs and the Ottoman Turks ruled
  lands that included diverse ethnic groups.
  Nationalist feelings among these subject people
  contributed to tensions building across Europe.

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I. A Declining Empire

• In 1800, the Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling
  house in Europe and presided over a multinational
  empire

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I. A Declining Empire

• Austrian emperor Francis I and his foreign
  minister Metternich upheld conservative goals
  against liberal forces

Klemens von Metternich
Emperor Francis I
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I. A Declining Empire

• The government tried to limit industry
• development, which threatened traditional ways
• of life

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I. A Declining Empire

• By the 1840s, factories were springing up and the
  Hapsburgs were facing the problems of industrial
  life

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I. A Declining Empire

• The Hapsburgs ignored nationalist demands and
  crushed nationalist revolts

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I. A Declining Empire

• In 1848, Francis Joseph inherited the Hapsburg
  throne and faced many challenges

Franz Josef - Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary
1848-1916
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I. A Declining Empire

• After Austria was defeated by France and Sardinia
  in 1859, Francis Joseph made some limited reforms

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I. A Declining Empire

• The legislature became dominated by Austrians and
  reforms failed to satisfy other national groups

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I. A Declining Empire

• The Hungarians were determined to achieve total
  self-government

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II. The Dual Monarchy

• In 1867, Hungarian leader Francis Deak worked out
  a compromise that created the Dual Monarchy of
  Austria-Hungary

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II. The Dual Monarchy

• Austria and Hungary were separate states with
  their own constitution and parliament and Francis
  Joseph ruled both

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II. The Dual Monarchy

• Other nationalists resented the compromise, and
  unrest often left the government paralyzed

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III. Balkan Nationalism

• The Ottomans ruled a multinational empire that
  included Eastern Europe, the Balkans, North
  Africa and the Middle East

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III. Balkan Nationalism

• During the 1800s, various nationalist groups
  revolted against the Ottomans, hoping to set up
  their own independent states

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III. Balkan Nationalism

• The Ottoman empire became "the sick man of
  Europe" and scrambled to divide it up

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III. Balkan Nationalism

• Russia, Austria-Hungary, Britain and France all
  began to expand into Ottoman lands

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III. Balkan Nationalism

• These competing interests contributed to a series
  of crises and wars in the Balkans

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III. Balkan Nationalism

• By the early 1900s, the region was known as the
  "Balkan powder keg" and the explosion that came
  in 1914 set off World War I

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and Duchess
Sophie in Sarajevo (1914)