F2AST Training

1
Future Flexible Acquisition and Sustainment Tool
F2AST Training 4 Feb 2009
2
Overview

• Organizational Structure
• Background
• FAST vs. F2AST
• Scope
• Contract Parameters
• Pricing Arrangements
• Prime Contractors
• Customers
• Oversight Governance
• How to Use F2AST
• Good Info
• Summary

3
Enterprise Acquisition Division FedEx Mail
Address 215 Page Road, Ste 231, Robins AFB GA
31098-1662 Fax [phone]
Enterprise Acquisition
Division Ms. Debbie H. Jackson, Chief
478-222-1346 Ms. Kathy
Mackowski, Adm Support
478-222-1345
Contracting Ms. Charlotte Hobson 478-222-1270
Program Management Mr. Alan Chasteen 478-222-126
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Engineering Mr. Al Thompson 478-222-1269
Mr. Russell Dukes 478-222-1322
Mr. K.C. Jones 478-222-1324
Vacant 478-222-1319
Vacant 478-222-1320
Ms. Debra Napier 478-222-1321
Mr. Chuck Pollard 478-926-6053
Ms. Carol Clopton 478-222-1318
Current as of Feb 09
4
Background

• Awarded 23 Jul 2008
• Multiple Award IDIQ contracts
• 6.9B ceiling
• 12 Prime Contractors
• Numerous Subcontractors
• Requirements included in F2AST were previously
  acquired under two separate programs
• Flexible Acquisition and Sustainment Tool Program
  (FAST)
• Integrated Weapon System Support Program (IWSSP)

5
FAST vs. F2AST

• Multiple Award IDIQ
• 6.9B ceiling
• 12 Prime Contractors
• Numerous Subcontractors
• Scope
• Modifications
• Development
• Services integral to devel, Mx or the mod, or SS
  to a prime or LB sub
• Spares repairs
• For Mods
• Limited, Critical, Contingency
• Avg Award Time Working Days
• Simple 26
• Moderate 70
• Complex 95

• Multiple Award IDIQ
• 7.4B ceiling
• 6 Prime Contractors
• Numerous Subcontractors
• Scope
• Modifications
• Services
• Eng Service
• AAS
• Spares repairs
• For Mods
• Limited, Critical, Contingency
• Avg Award Time Working Days
• Simple 23
• Moderate 45
• Complex 75

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Scope

• Scope Does Not Include
• New weapon system development
• Military Construction (MILCON)
• Civil engineering
• Base operating support (BOS)
• Commercial items/services (FAR Part 12)
• Work suitable for performance by small business
  IAW FAR 19.502
• Small Business Modifications
• Engineering Services
• Advisory and Assistance Services (AAS)

7
Scope

• Scope Does Include
• Sustainment support of Air Force operated weapon
  systems, support systems, subsystems, components,
  and related services
• Partnerships
• Direct Sales Partnership Agreements
• Workshare Partnership Agreements
• Foreign Military Sales
• Requirements generated by NASA, Navy, Army, and
  other federal agencies through sponsoring Center
• Development, Modification, Maintenance, Repairs,
  Spares, and Services some exclusions apply

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Scope - Development

• Will not develop the next generation aircraft
  (i.e., JSF, JCA)
• May modify current weapon systems and/or their
  subsystems
• Design, engineering, development, and test
• New parts, software, or systems shall be designed
  and produced to integrate with existing system
  components and software if applicable
• Development activities shall take into account
  maintenance, repair, and operational support
  requirements

9
Scope - Modifications

• Modify current weapon systems and/or their
  subsystems
• Enhancements
• Reliability
• Serviceability
• Maintainability
• Performance

10
Scope - Maintenance

• May include
• Programmed (PDM)
• Unprogrammed (UDLM)
• Inspections
• Unpredictable Repair Maintenance
  Requirements

11
Scope - Services

• Not reasonably severable from
• Development
• Modification
• Maintenance efforts
• Sole source efforts to a F2AST prime contractor
  or large business subcontractor

12
Scope - Spares

• Standard and Non-Standard Spares
• Development and/or modifications
• Contingency Spares
• Non-responsive source
• Limited Spares
• Low fielded population
• Low demand rate
• Critical Spares

13
Scope - Repairs

• Standard and Non-Standard Repairs
• Development and/or modifications
• Contingency Repair
• Normally organic source that cannot meet the time
  frame required by the government
• Limited Repair
• Low fielded population
• Low demand rate
• Critical Repair

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Contract Parameters
Ordering Period
3 yr basic
2 yr opt
2 yr opt
PoP
3 yrs
7 yrs
3 yr basic 2 yr opt
2 yr opt
Pricing
3 yr PoP

• 3 year basic ordering period w/two 2 year
  ordering period options
• 10 year total period of performance
• Jul 23, 2008 Jul 22, 2018

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Contract Parameters (cont.)Small Business
Considerations

• All large business prime contractors have
  approved small business subcontracting plans at
  basic contract level
• Small business subcontracting requirement is 13
  of competitive dollars
• Post-award monitoring via CDRL
• Semiannual reviews
• Documentation in CPARS (D/TO level)

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Contract Parameters (cont.)Incentives
Competitive If prime does not meet 13
small business requirement, get-well plan must be
furnished. The delta between the primes SB
subcontracting plan and actual F2AST
subcontracting performance can be applied as part
of the get well plan.
Small Business Subcontracting Requirement 13
of competitive dollars
Satisfactory
13 Minimum
Unacceptable
Subcontracting performance will be reviewed
semiannually (on or about 15 Jan and 15 Jul). If
prime does not meet requirement after second
review period, get-well plan must be submitted
and approved by PCO. Continued failure to meet
requirement may result in suspension from
competition.
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Contract Parameters (cont.)MOASP

• Performance Based IAW AFI 63-124
• Performance-Based Work Statement (PWS)
• Services Summary

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Contract Parameters (cont.)MOASP
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Contract Parameters (cont.)MOASP

• Designated Official (DO) will be assigned for
  each D/TO as applicable
• D/TOs will contain PWSs, Performance Plans, and
  Service Summaries as applicable
• Requirements for appointment and training of
  Quality Assurance Personnel (QAP), 30-day post
  award review, and annual review to be
  accomplished at D/TO level
• QAP reside in the requirements organizations

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Contract Parameters (cont.)Partnering

• Direct Sales Partnership Agreement (DSPA)
• AF sells supplies and/or services directly to
  private industry
• Industry conveys payment directly to the
  performing AF activity prior to the beginning of
  work by organic personnel
• Workshare Partnership Agreement (WSPA)
• Specialized arrangement whereby a combination of
  organic and industry facilities and/or employees
  share responsibilities for the execution of DoD
  work
• Allows the government to avoid non-value added
  industry markups on AF-performed services
• Allows contractor maximum flexibility to meet
  contractual requirements
• AF program office will determine the type of
  partnership applicable to a requirement prior to
  release of Request For Order Proposal (RFOP)

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Contract Parameters (cont.)Incentives

• Performance Incentive Options
• Review of contractor performance at beginning of
  year 3 of basic contract ordering period
• CPARS
• Semiannual performance metric reviews by
  Enterprise Acquisition Division (WR-ALC/PKE)
  including, but not limited to, subcontracting
  performance and RFOP response time
• Exercise of incentive option
• Satisfactory performance Option exercised
• Marginal performance Option exercised but labor
  costs decremented by 5 on all D/TOs for one year
• Unsatisfactory performance Option not exercised

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Pricing Arrangements

• Fixed Price (FP)
• Profit negotiated at D/TO
• Labor Hour (LH)
• Profit negotiated at D/TO
• Profit capped at 10
• Time and Material (TM)
• Profit included in rates (10 max)
• Cost Reimbursable (CR)
• Fee negotiated at D/TO
• Incentive Types
• Award Fee and Incentive Fee Available

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Prime Contractors

• ARINC
• Boeing Aerospace Operations, Inc
• DRS Technical Services
• L-3 Communications TCS
• Lockheed Martin Integrated Systems
• MacAulay-Brown
• MTC (BAE SSTI)
• Northrop Grumman Technical Services
• Raytheon Technical Services Customized
  Engineering and Depot Support (CEDS)
• Science Applications International Corporation
  (SAIC)
• Scientific Research Corporation (SRC)
• Support Systems Associates, Inc (SSAI)

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Customers

• Who Can Issue Orders?
• Centralized ordering at WR-ALC
• Decentralized ordering at WR-ALC on case by case
  basis
• Decentralized ordering at OO-ALC
• Decentralized ordering at ASC
• Who Can Use?
• ALC Program Managers Requirements Personnel
• ASC Program Managers Requirements Personnel
• Other organizations through a Sponsoring ALC

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Oversight Governance
Program Management On-site Technical Quality
Oversight
Contract Issuance General Contract Management
Delivery/Task Order Administration Technical/Quali
ty Oversight
Program Mgr/ Project Officer
Enterprise Acquisition Division WR-ALC/PKE
Requiring Activity
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How to Use F2AST

• Website information
• Users Guide
• WR-ALC Addendum
• Preliminary Planning
• Step-By-Step
• Sponsorship Agreements

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F2AST Web information

• Website for information can be found at
• http//www.robins.af.mil
• Units
• WR-ALC Staff Agencies
• Enterprise Acquisition Division
• Information Available
• F2AST Users Guide
• WR-ALC Addendum
• OO-ALC Addendum
• F2AST PWS
• F2AST Primes and Subcontractors Listing
• Government POCs

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How to Use F2AST (cont.)
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F2AST Users Guide

• Scope
• Delivery/Task Order Process
• Responsibilities of the Customer
• Post Award/Administration of Orders
• Contractor Teams
• Appendices
• Memorandum for Record
• Fair Opportunity Exception (FoE)
• Award Process
• FAQs

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WR-ALC Addendum

• Introduction
• Delivery/Task Order Process
• Sponsorship Agreements
• Attachments
• Checklist
• Sample Evaluation Criteria
• Sample Technical Evaluation
• Past Performance Evaluation
• Prime Contractor Addresses

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Preliminary Planning

• Define Requirement/Idea of Requirement
• Requirement POC contacts Business Advisor
  (Cognizant Wing PCO) to determine appropriate
  contract vehicle
• Follow contract vehicle selection process
• Conduct Business Planning
• Completed by Requirements POC Wing PCO

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F2AST Step-By-Step

• If F2AST is selected
• Step 1 Contact the EAD (F2AST Program Office)
  via e-mail at wralc.pkf.fast.follo_at_robins.af.mil
  or one of the Requirements Managers listed in the
  Users Guide to notify them of a potential
  requirement

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F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Step 2 Meet with the F2AST Team
• Not limited to one meeting
• Via e-mail, phone, or face-to-face
• Review requirements documents
• Requiring activity's PM and PCO should complete
  the CHECKLIST (Addendum Attch 1) prior to mtg

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F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• F2AST Checklist
• Control Number PR
  
  
  
•   
• The following checklist will assist you in
  organizing the necessary information for the
  D/TO. The F2AST team will work with you in
  completing this checklist as needed.
•  Please note The first part of the checklist
  covers the information the F2AST team needs to
  ensure that your requirement fits the scope of
  F2AST. The second part of the checklist covers
  some of the most important information needed for
  the contract file. These are not F2AST
  requirements, but are necessary for all
  contracting personnel to adhere to regulatory
  requirements and to help set up the contract and
  solicitation. Additional information about the
  WR-ALC PR process can be found in the F2AST
  Users Guide. If you have any questions, please
  contact one of the F2AST POCs listed in the
  Users Guide. (http//www.robins.af.mil/library/fa
  ctsheets/factsheet.asp?id11544)
•  
• Requiring Activity WR-ALC Organization
  / Office Symbol ______
• Sponsored Organization / Office Symbol
  ______

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F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• PART ONE
• 1. Program dollar value (include options)   
      Desired Contract Award Date       
• and Brief Description of Requirement
•    
•  
• 2. This requirement includes
• Development Modifications
  Maintenance Services
• Spares
• (Check one spares for modifications
  contingency critical
  limited)
• Explain rationale for spares
•      
• Repairs (Check one
  contingency critical limited)
•     Explain rationale for repairs

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F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• 3. Competitive Sole Source (Attach
  F2AST Appendix B located in the Users Guide)
•  4. Type of contract recommended (Check all that
  apply) FFP TM
  Labor Hour Cost Plus Award Fee
  Cost Plus Incentive Fee Cost Plus
  Fixed Fee
•  Basis for this pricing arrangement recommended
  
•      
•  5. Procurement History (Check all of the
  following as appropriate to confirm that your
  requirement is within established guidelines)
• Requirement was previously MIPRd to
  another service or agency
• No procurement history new requirement
  
• No current Air Force (AF) contract will be
  disrupted or displaced by F2AST
• No follow-on AF contracts for reqts
  currently acquired under 8(a) set- asides or
  xSmall Business AF contracts will be
  transitioned to F2AST
•   Previous FAST/F2AST order(s) Provide
  contract/order
•      

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F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

•  6.  Evaluation Criteria (Note Not applicable
  to Sole Source requirements, go to item 7)
  check the factors to be included in the
  solicitation from the list below and provide as
  an attachment. You only need those factors that
  apply to your requirement (see attachment 2 for
  examples).
•   Mix/Availability of Skills
• Technical solution/approach
• Management approach
• Technical/management approach
• Delivery schedule or Turnaround Time
• Capacity
• Targeted Past Performance NEXT SLIDE

38
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

•  6.  Evaluation Criteria (cont.)
• Targeted Past Performance (The contractors
  past performance must be evaluated on each
  requirement. See Attachment 2 to WR-ALC Users
  Guide Addendum for information.)
•   Technical Knowledge/Experience
• Other
• If competitive, user must define the following
• 1. Relevancy
• 2. Quality

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F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• 7. Are 7 working days appropriate for
  submission of proposal? Yes
  No
• If no, how many days should be provided in
  the RFOP for receipt
• of proposals?        days
• 8. Are 7 working days adequate for your Govt
  technical evaluation? Yes No
• If no, how many days should be provided in the
  RFOP for evaluation of proposals? (state your
  technical evaluation time the F2AST team will
  add an additional 12 days for negotiations as
  necessary and issuance of order)        days
• The technical team will be required to review
  the labor categories and labor hours and make a
  determination as to whether the categories and
  hours are reasonable for the requirement.

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F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• PART TWO
•  9. The following is a list of documents that
  are generally needed to solicit the various F2AST
  requirements. Please check as appropriate for
  your requirement. If document is needed, check
  Yes. If the document is not needed, check Not
  Applicable.
•  Note All applicable documents must be provided
  to the EAD electronically
• Not
• 
  
  Yes Applicable
• DD 2579 (Small Business Coordination)
• Performance Work Statement, Statement of Work,
  etc.
• Performance Plan
• -Streamlined Acquisition Strategy Summary (SASS)
  lt5M
• -Formal Acq Plan (10M Devel 25M any 1 yr/50M
  tot pgm)
• -Formal Acq Plan IAW AFPEO/CM Format gt100M
•  Fair Opportunity Exception (App B located in
  Users Guide)
• (required for Sole Source)

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F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Not
• 
  
  Yes Applicable
• Market Research Report
• Contract Data Requirements List (CDRL) DD Form
  1423
• Purchase Request (PR) Form 36
• ABSS place FA8530 in Block 1, place F2AST and
  F2AST PCO on front
• page in Block 12 PR must be walked to the EAD
  or provided via email
• APRS place FA8530 in Block 1, PR is received
  automatically
• Classified (DD 254) Applicable? If yes, does the
  contractor possess
• the necessary security clearance and safeguarding
  capability?
• The Visitor Group Security Agreement (VGSA) is
  also needed if
• contractor will be on base in performance of this
  task for 60 days
• or more

42
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Not
• 
  
  Yes Applicable
• Safety Requirements (Appendix C), requested thru
  Wing/Group/
• Squadron Safety Officer
• IAW 78 ABW/SEG Safety Plan is required
  Current (on file)
• N/A (Must provide 78 ABW/SEG
  information. If safety plan required
• provide content requirements, format, etc. If
  current or not required
• furnish SEG e-mail, letter, etc.)
•  Multi-Functional Team) Appointment Letter
• QAP Phase I Certificates
• FD/FC Training Certificate
• (Note Phase II training will be conducted by
  the post award PCO
• after contract award)
• Transportation (DD 1653)
•  Packaging (AFMC 158)
• Quality (AFMC 807)

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F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Not
• 
  
  Yes Applicable
• Green Procurement Program (GPP)
• (Applicable when using appropriated funds)
• Theater Business Clearance
• (Applicable to Iraq/Afghanistan)
• Environmental Management System (EMS)
• (Applicable for work performed on government
  installations)
• Requirements Approval Document (RAD)
• Provide Post-Award PCOs Buyer Code
• (If not WR-ALC PCO, please enter name number)
• Performance-Based Service Contracting IAW AFI
  63-124 applies for all services acquisitions over
  100K. Performance-based SOW (please provide in
  editable format, if possible), Performance Plan,
  and Multi-Functional Appointment Letter are all
  required documents for services over 100K.
• NOTE Everything thats not supply (actual
  hardware) is a Service

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F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• 10. Are all documents annotated with the
  appropriate distribution statement/export control
  notification? Yes No Not
  Applicable
• 11. Proprietary data should not be included as
  part of the data package.  Have you ensured that
  no proprietary data is included? Yes
  No Not Applicable
• 12. Can the funding profile be released to the
  contractor with RFOP? Yes No
• 13. For repair/mods, have you attached your
  SORAP, 50/50 cert, or workload certification, as
  applicable? Yes No - If no, this
  must be provided prior to solicitation. Not
  Applicable WR-ALC/XP is the OPR
• 14. For repairs/mods, is ALC partnering
  applicable? Yes No
•  15. Performance Site
• Contractors Plant
• Government Location       
• If performance is on a Government location,
  identify working space, materials, equipment,
  services and other support that will be provided
  in the PWS.

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F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• 16. Class I Ozone Depleting Substances
• I have reviewed the requirements, including
  available technical documentation, and believe
  that it does not require the contactor to use
  Class I Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
  identified in Air Force Policy, nor is it written
  so that it can only be met by the use of a Class
  I ODS.
•   I have attached the approved ODS waiver.
•  17. Will Government Furnished Property (GFP) be
  provided? Yes No - If yes, identify
  GFP and delivery schedule. Also indicate which
  of the following is applicable FOB Origin
  FOB Destination MILSTRIP
• Note If the GFP was previously authorized
  under another contract, please provide the
  contract number and the name and phone number of
  the cognizant PCO/ACO. This information is
  required before a D/TO can be awarded.
•   

46
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• 18. Do you have a technical support contractor
  involved in working this program?
• Yes No - If yes, please provide name
  and company
• 19. Will you have Non-Government Advisors
  participating in the technical proposal
  evaluation? Yes No - If yes, please
  provide the names and company below. This
  information must be included in the RFOP and
  accepted by the offerors before proposals are
  submitted.
• 20. Is the Service Contract Act (SCA)
  applicable? Yes No

47
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Explanations/Additional Information
• The average D/TO issuance for SIMPLE ACQUISITIONS
  is projected at 26 working days. The Offeror is
  allowed 7 days to submit a proposal, unless
  otherwise specified in the RFOP. The Government
  will evaluate and negotiate, as necessary, and
  issue the order within 19 working days after date
  set for receipt of proposals, unless otherwise
  stated in the RFOP. The 19 working days consists
  of the following
• a. An electronic notification will be issued
  from the F2AST team requesting an evaluation from
  the customer of all proposals received. The
  customer has 7 working days to evaluate the
  proposal(s) from the contractor(s) and submit the
  evaluation back to the F2AST team.
• b. The remaining 12 working days will be
  used to resolve discrepancies and complete award
  preparation. If negotiations/discussions are
  needed, contractor(s) may be requested/allowed to
  revise their proposals, as necessary. Upon
  receipt of completed and acceptable technical
  evaluations (see attachment 3) and finalization
  of negotiations, the ordering PCO will issue a
  D/TO to the contractor whose proposal provides
  the best value to the Government.

48
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Rules for submitting requirements to be awarded
  under F2AST in R2M
• RAD must be approved
• DD 2579 (Small Business Coordination) must be
  approved by SB
• F2AST Appendix B (Fair Opportunity Exception)
  must be signed -- if sole/limited source
• F2AST Control number must be assigned by
  personnel on the F2AST teamThis number is
  assigned once the F2AST team agrees the package
  is complete
• Failure to comply will result in the package
  being returned/rejected
•  ________________ ____ _________________
  ____
• Signed by Program Manager Date Signed
  by the cognizant PCO Date

49
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Step 3 Registration and PR Package Development
• Minimum required documentation
• Signed checklist
• Signed Fair Opportunity Exception (FoE) SS
  reqts
• Signed DD Form 2579 SB coordination
• Signed/Approved Requirements Approval Doc (RAD)
• The official RFOP will not be released until the
  complete pkg is received in R2M
• A control number must be assigned by the F2AST
  Prog Office prior to loading docs in R2M

50
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Step 3 Registration and PR Package Development
  (cont.)
• Evaluation Criteria developed by requiring
  activity with F2AST team support as needed
• (Attch 2 provides sample criteria relevancy
  defs)
• Targeted Past Performance is reqd for all
  competitive orders
• Develop past performance evaluation criteria
• Determine whose past performance will be
  evaluated
• prime only or prime and sub
• Complex requirements prepare relevancy
  definitions and FACTS sheet

51
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Step 3 Registration and PR Package Development
  (cont.)
• Targeted Past Performance (cont.)
• Simple acquisitions past performance evals
  performed by F2AST team w/ Tech Office support
• Moderate and Complex acquisitions past
  performance evals performed by Performance
  Confidence Assessment Group (PCAG) which is
  formed in requiring activity
• Composed of a min of 3 personnel (including at
  least 1 PCO or buyer and 1 technical person)

52
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Step 4 Issuance of Request for Order Proposal
  (RFOP)
• F2AST PCO will issue
• Provides Prime contractors opportunity to propose
• Will include all applicable clauses
• Contractors have seven (7) working days to submit
  proposal unless otherwise specified in the RFOP

53
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Step 5 Evaluation of Offerors (Attch 3)
• Tech eval conducted by requiring activity
• Cost/Price conducted by F2AST team unless the
  order is decentralized
• Govt eval is conducted within seven (7) working
  days unless other wise stated in RFOP

54
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Step 6 Delivery/Task Order (D/TO) Award
• Negotiations and award within twelve (12) working
  days for simple acquisitions
• F2AST PCO makes best value decision in most cases
• Requested debriefings can be either written or
  oral
• Step 7 Administration
• Post award PCO performs for the D/TO(s)

55
F2AST Step-By-Step (cont.)

• Step 8 Protest of Orders
• Contractors can protest D/TOs based on
• Order increases scope, period of performance, or
  maximum value of the order
• Order is in excess of 10M (FAR 16.505(a)(9)(i)
• F2AST PCO will respond to protests resulting from
  award process disputes
• Requiring activity PCO will respond to protests
  resulting from scope, performance, or acquisition
  strategy

56
How to Use F2AST (cont.)

• Sponsorship Agreements
• When sponsored by a WR-ALC organization, F2AST
  may be utilized by product centers, other
  agencies, and/or other services
• WR-ALC sponsoring organizations responsibilities
  include
• Serving as the focal point for the F2AST team
• Furnishing required F2AST documentation IAW
  WR-ALC/PK policy
• Establishing evaluation team(s) composed of
  personnel from both WR-ALC and the requiring
  activity
• Determining post award administration prior to
  entering into sponsorship agreement

57
Good Info To Know

• F2AST process is in place
• Similar to FAST
• Must complete F2AST Checklist prior to acceptance
• F2AST is not a magic bullet that will fix all
  acquisition problems
• Acquisition planning is still required
• A complete requirements package is essential
• Timeframe to award
• Avg days depend on threshold and sole source Vs
  competitive
• Currently 26 WORK DAYS for simple acquisitions

58
Good Info To Know (cont.)

• F2AST is not for everything
• Some acquisitions gain little with F2AST
• Good when it makes sense
• Large Source Selections
• Looking for a Small Business sub?
• Cant use F2AST