Renaissance History

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Renaissance History

• Tudor and Stuart Monarchs

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Six Wives of Henry VIII
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Tudor Monarchs
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Stuart Monarchs
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Henry VII

• Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York (daughter
  of Edward IV and sister to the two lost princes
  in the Tower) He defeated Richard III at the
  Battle of Bosworth Field. He forged international
  relationships with the marriages of his children.
  He reign was challenged by Perkin Warbeck, an
  individual who claimed to be the younger of the
  two princes in the Tower (Richard). Eventually,
  after an uprising, Perkin was executed.

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Henry VIII

• Second son of Henry VII. After his elder brother,
  Arthur, died Henry became heir to the throne. He
  fell in love with his brothers widow, Katharine
  of Aragon and married her against his fathers
  wishes. Later he tried to annul this marriage so
  he could marry Anne Boleyn. Henry claimed that
  God punished him by denying him a legitimate male
  heir

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Henry VIII (cont)

• When he wanted to marry the pregnant Anne Boleyn,
  Henry created the Church of England and banned
  the Catholic Church from his nation. He also
  seized all of the property of the Catholic Church
  thereby increasing the coffers of England

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Katharine of Aragon

• Katharine was the daughter of Isabella and
  Ferdinand of Spain. She was married to Arthur,
  Henry VIIs heir, but he died before the marriage
  was consummated. Later she married Henry VIII,
  but they only had one living child, Mary.
  Katharines later years were ones of persecution
  where Henry tried to make her sign annulment
  papers.

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Anne Boleyn

• Anne became Henry VIIIs second wife. But since
  his first, Katharine of Aragon was still living,
  many people, especially Catholics, felt that her
  child Elizabeth was simply illegitimate. When she
  failed to produce a male heir, Henry had her
  charged with treason and witchcraft and executed.

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Edward VI

• He was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. He
  was sickly (probably consumption) and during his
  childhood England was under the rule of the
  regent the Duke of Somerset who was executed
  because of the poor state of affairs in England.
  After Somersets death, Northumberland became the
  most powerful man in England

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Jane Grey

• Jane Grey was the granddaughter of HenryVIIIs
  sister Mary (the Tudor Rose). Her father was the
  Duke of Suffolk and under the control of the
  powerful Northumberland. Northumberland wanted
  control of the throne so he married his luckless
  son Gilbert to the even more luckless Jane, and
  then he attempted a coup trying to steal the
  throne from Mary (soon to be known as Bloody
  Mary). Jane ruled for 9 days. When Mary
  recaptured the throne she had Northumberland and
  Jane executed

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Mary, the Tudor Rose

• Henry VIIIs sister was in love with Henrys best
  friend, Charles Brandon. Mary was forced into
  political marriage with the ageing King of France
  who died three months after their marriage.

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Mary, the Tudor Rose grandmother of Jane Grey

• Knowing that her brother had another political
  marriage in mind, Mary ran away with Charles when
  the English entourage came to escort her back to
  England. Henry VIII was angry, but he eventually
  forgave the couple. Their story is told in the
  childhood classic, When Knighthood Was in Flower

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Mary I (Bloody Mary)

• Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII and Katharine
  of Aragon. During her late childhood, Mary was
  persecuted by Henry when he wanted to annul his
  marriage to her mother. As Queen she attempted to
  reinstate Catholocism, and she married the young
  Philip from Spain. Neither of these actions were
  popular with the now firmly entrenched Protestant
  England

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Elizabeth I

• The red-haired daughter of Henry VIII and Anne
  Boleyn, she became Englands greatest leader.
  Wily and cunning, she kept control of England by
  refusing to marry anyone and playing one noble
  against another each one hoping to marry the
  Queen.

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Elizabeth I (cont)

• She kept the religious wars down, advanced
  exploration, became a patron of the arts, and
  brought England to the position of world power
  with the defeat of the Spanish Armada

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Mary, Queen of Scots

• Mary was the daughter of James V and destined to
  be the Queen of France. When Francis II died, she
  came back to be Queen of Scotland. The English
  Catholics believed that she was the only
  legitimate heir after Mary Is death.

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Mary, Queen of Scots

• She tried to capture the English throne, but she
  was having enough trouble keeping the Scottish
  throne. She married Harry Darnly (next in line
  for the Scottish throne) who was a vicious
  Catholic. The Protestant faction of Scotland, led
  by John Knox, did not approve of Mary or her
  husband

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Robert Devereux, the Earl of Essex

• One reason that Elizabeth executed Mary, Queen of
  Scots is that she connived with Elizabeths
  current young love, Essex. When Essex figured out
  that Elizabeth, in her 50s, would not marry him
  and make him king, he turned his attentions to
  the imprisoned Mary and tried to get her to
  foster a rebellion

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JAMES I

• James I of England was James VI of Scotland. His
  mother was Mary Queen of Scots, and at Elizabeth
  Is death, James was named her heir. Known for
  the authorization of the King James Version of
  the Bible, James seeming support of Protestants
  incited the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.

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Harry Darnly

• Harry was reputedly gay, and Marys marriage was
  in trouble. Mary engaged the Earl of Bothwell to
  get rid of Harry, which he does in a fantastic
  plot to blow Darnly up.

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Charles I

• Charles I struggled with Parliament and his
  twenty-four year reign was a battle to see where
  the real power in England would reside with the
  monarchy or with Parliament. A four year Civil
  War ensued.

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Civil War

• Charles I was supported by the High Church, the
  nobility and the peasants. His opponents were
  comprised of the middle class and merchants and
  the Puritans

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Oliver Cromwell

• Led the Puritan army which eventually won the
  Civil War. Charles I was tried and convicted
  (68-67 vote) by Parliament and was executed.
  Cromwell led a new government (the Protectorate
  1653-1658).

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Protectorate

• a repressive government didnt suit the English.
  After Charles Is death in 1649, a Council
  governed England, but the Council was made up of
  rigid Puritans. Cromwell became a virtual
  dictator for five years, but when he died his son
  Richard was too weak to hold the country together

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Restoration

• In 1660 Parliament restored Charles I s son
  Charles II to the throne of England.

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Charles II

• Charles II reigned for 25 years. During his reign
  the Plague and the Great fire of London occurred.

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Gunpowder Plot

• Catholic sympathizers attempted to blow up
  Parliament and James I. The plot failed but it
  prompted a new wave of hatred toward Catholics

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James II

• Was a younger son of Charles I and brother to
  Charles II. He was a fervent Catholic and tried
  to persecute Protestants. He would eventually be
  deposed by the Glorious Revolution led by
  William of Orange

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Glorious Revolution

• James II was hated by the English populace and by
  Parliament. Parliament invited William of
  Orange (grandson of Charles I by a daughter and
  married to to James IIs daughter Mary) to lead a
  Protestant revolution in England.

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William and Mary

• Staunch Protestants, William and Mary became
  monarchs through the invitation of Parliament
  which wanted to depose James II. Jacobite plots
  were frequent during their reign. Mary died early
  (smallpox) and William died when he was thrown
  from a horse when the horse stepped in a mole
  hole.

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Jacobites

• Throughout the reigns of William and Mary and
  Anne, other descendants of James II claimed to be
  the rightful king. The Jacobites were the
  Scottish Highlanders who supported James, the
  Old Pretender and Charles, the Young Pretender)

The Jacobites, ecstatic at the death of William,
always toasted the little gentleman in a velvet
coat (the mole who caused Williams horse to
fall).
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Kidnapped

• The childrens classic Kidnapped by Robert Louis
  Stevenson, is set after during the time of the
  rebellion and uprising supporting Bonny Prince
  Charlie.

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Anne, the last Stuart sovereign

• She was the younger sister of Mary and had given
  up immediate succession to her brother in law,
  William. Upon Williams death she became Queen.
  Although she had 17 children, none of them lived,
  so at her death the crown went to a descendant of
  one of the daughters of Charles I
• Queen Anne furniture was created during the reign
  of Anne. Her reign was also renowned for
  brilliant essayists, Addison and Steele
  scientists, Newton and Bacon, poet, Alexander
  Pope architect, Christopher Wren and others